{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386363048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3311105","title":"Graph Adversarial Immunization for Certifiable Robustness","display_name":"Graph Adversarial Immunization for Certifiable Robustness","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386363048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3311105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2023.3311105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3311105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015654919","display_name":"Shuchang Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6113-6145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuchang Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6113-6145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082827135","display_name":"Qi Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3454-4789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3454-4789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047897879","display_name":"Huawei Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1081-8119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huawei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1081-8119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100632070","display_name":"Yunfan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-6791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-6791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101955015","display_name":"Liang Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4904-5694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4904-5694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence System Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029998682","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015654919"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3578,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83878784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"1597","last_page":"1610"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9617999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7639139890670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5514814853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5329129695892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33274221420288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24118036031723022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7639139890670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5514814853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5329129695892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33274221420288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24118036031723022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2023.3311105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3311105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1423163789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6362789933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G740642855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971421925","https://openalex.org/W2022878879","https://openalex.org/W2141403143","https://openalex.org/W2803831897","https://openalex.org/W2908442265","https://openalex.org/W2912240430","https://openalex.org/W2914721378","https://openalex.org/W2914953695","https://openalex.org/W2949208225","https://openalex.org/W2951823788","https://openalex.org/W2963456618","https://openalex.org/W2964583308","https://openalex.org/W2964971928","https://openalex.org/W2984488829","https://openalex.org/W2994506732","https://openalex.org/W2994598354","https://openalex.org/W2997404190","https://openalex.org/W2998122931","https://openalex.org/W3001111845","https://openalex.org/W3012123536","https://openalex.org/W3012737746","https://openalex.org/W3012846134","https://openalex.org/W3034339445","https://openalex.org/W3036202927","https://openalex.org/W3038342492","https://openalex.org/W3081203761","https://openalex.org/W3081325717","https://openalex.org/W3089258356","https://openalex.org/W3098276446","https://openalex.org/W3104667978","https://openalex.org/W3106390645","https://openalex.org/W3124962940","https://openalex.org/W3134163474","https://openalex.org/W3160274714","https://openalex.org/W3163416963","https://openalex.org/W3165148700","https://openalex.org/W3170068709","https://openalex.org/W3171412022","https://openalex.org/W3172780638","https://openalex.org/W3198375173","https://openalex.org/W3206604724","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4308161732","https://openalex.org/W4312252283","https://openalex.org/W4393034172","https://openalex.org/W6639055396","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6751569023","https://openalex.org/W6755863455","https://openalex.org/W6757713970","https://openalex.org/W6761967197","https://openalex.org/W6762814303","https://openalex.org/W6765543928","https://openalex.org/W6767526851","https://openalex.org/W6774869656","https://openalex.org/W6780093097","https://openalex.org/W6782616054","https://openalex.org/W6794312727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"achieving":[1],"great":[2],"success,":[3],"graph":[4,38,45,180,193],"neural":[5],"networks":[6],"(GNNs)":[7],"are":[8],"vulnerable":[9],"to":[10,40,56,102,175],"adversarial":[11,18,31,49,94,194],"attacks.":[12],"Existing":[13],"defenses":[14],"focus":[15],"on":[16,186],"developing":[17],"training":[19],"or":[20,109],"model":[21],"modification.":[22],"In":[23,119],"this":[24,79,170],"paper,":[25],"we":[26,81,96],"propose":[27,53,83],"and":[28,99,138],"formulate":[29],"<i>graph":[30],"immunization</i>":[32],",":[33,133,137,142],"i.e.,":[34],"vaccinating":[35],"part":[36],"of":[37,44,116,126,149,167],"structure":[39],"improve":[41,176],"certifiable":[42,177],"robustness":[43,178],"against":[46,66,158],"any":[47],"admissible":[48],"attack.":[50],"We":[51],"first":[52,173],"edge-level":[54,62],"immunization":[55,63],"vaccinate":[57],"node":[58,68,76,107],"pairs.":[59,77],"Unfortunately,":[60],"such":[61],"cannot":[64],"defend":[65],"emerging":[67],"injection":[69],"attacks,":[70,160],"since":[71],"it":[72],"only":[73,145],"immunizes":[74],"existing":[75],"To":[78,86,164],"end,":[80],"further":[82],"node-level":[84],"immunization.":[85],"avoid":[87],"computationally":[88],"intensive":[89],"combinatorial":[90],"optimization":[91],"associated":[92],"with":[93],"immunization,":[95],"develop":[97],"<i>AdvImmune-Edge</i>":[98],"<i>AdvImmune-Node</i>":[100],"algorithms":[101],"effectively":[103],"obtain":[104],"the":[105,114,124,165,172],"immune":[106],"pairs":[108],"nodes.":[110,150],"Extensive":[111],"experiments":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"superiority":[115],"AdvImmune":[117,152],"methods.":[118],"particular,":[120],"AdvImmune-Node":[121],"remarkably":[122],"improves":[123],"ratio":[125],"robust":[127],"nodes":[128],"by":[129],"79":[130],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[131,135,140,147],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[132,136,141,148],"294":[134],"100":[139],"after":[143],"immunizing":[144],"5":[146],"Furthermore,":[151],"methods":[153],"show":[154],"excellent":[155],"defensive":[156],"performance":[157,185],"various":[159],"outperforming":[161],"state-of-the-art":[162],"defenses.":[163],"best":[166],"our":[168],"knowledge,":[169],"is":[171],"attempt":[174],"from":[179],"data":[181],"perspective":[182],"without":[183],"losing":[184],"clean":[187],"graphs,":[188],"providing":[189],"new":[190],"insights":[191],"into":[192],"learning.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}