{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312791840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3218131","title":"Local Search for Efficient Causal Effect Estimation","display_name":"Local Search for Efficient Causal Effect Estimation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312791840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3218131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2022.3218131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3218131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065281913","display_name":"Debo Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-1462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debo Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-1462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012177739","display_name":"Jiuyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-1878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiuyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-1878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383342","display_name":"Lin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2843-5738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2843-5738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046882632","display_name":"Jiji Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0684-2084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiji Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Religion and Philosophy, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0684-2084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Religion and Philosophy, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029442609","display_name":"Jixue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0794-0404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jixue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0794-0404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035846381","display_name":"Thuc Duy Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-4313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thuc Duy Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-4313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065281913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89058514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"9","first_page":"8823","last_page":"8837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.725513219833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6508413553237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate","display_name":"Covariate","score":0.5828717947006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5605329275131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-structure","display_name":"Causal structure","score":0.5098385214805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4932836890220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-study","display_name":"Observational study","score":0.4352577030658722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.42801976203918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.42435166239738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.4194050431251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3279625177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3135586977005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2973027527332306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25864148139953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2537658214569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2295089066028595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.725513219833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6508413553237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.5828717947006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5605329275131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.5098385214805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4932836890220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.4352577030658722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.42801976203918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42435166239738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.4194050431251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3279625177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3135586977005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2973027527332306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25864148139953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2537658214569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2295089066028595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2022.3218131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3218131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:urm_publish:9916697226301831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://find.library.unisa.edu.au/discovery/fulldisplay/alma9916697226301831/61USOUTHAUS_INST:ROR","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402528","display_name":"UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","host_organization_name":"University of South Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1776606928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP200101210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320955","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484413656","https://openalex.org/W1489999654","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1513969590","https://openalex.org/W1889981489","https://openalex.org/W1992882281","https://openalex.org/W1999822211","https://openalex.org/W2011087402","https://openalex.org/W2025309870","https://openalex.org/W2049910836","https://openalex.org/W2050502901","https://openalex.org/W2064903582","https://openalex.org/W2075529245","https://openalex.org/W2086331397","https://openalex.org/W2099900459","https://openalex.org/W2099925654","https://openalex.org/W2100928894","https://openalex.org/W2115984935","https://openalex.org/W2132507555","https://openalex.org/W2132917208","https://openalex.org/W2133091666","https://openalex.org/W2134652049","https://openalex.org/W2135404705","https://openalex.org/W2137370054","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2146050890","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2151226328","https://openalex.org/W2163687466","https://openalex.org/W2169847599","https://openalex.org/W2208550830","https://openalex.org/W2312137167","https://openalex.org/W2345126895","https://openalex.org/W2369395701","https://openalex.org/W2399384607","https://openalex.org/W2400892929","https://openalex.org/W2405723472","https://openalex.org/W2466174613","https://openalex.org/W2515189678","https://openalex.org/W2646400850","https://openalex.org/W2790098524","https://openalex.org/W2893363236","https://openalex.org/W2898042855","https://openalex.org/W2963304627","https://openalex.org/W2963608360","https://openalex.org/W3003671628","https://openalex.org/W3040645039","https://openalex.org/W3101748363","https://openalex.org/W3103539622","https://openalex.org/W3104000671","https://openalex.org/W3150893739","https://openalex.org/W3157189937","https://openalex.org/W4246607039","https://openalex.org/W4252739870","https://openalex.org/W4293872269","https://openalex.org/W4295097398","https://openalex.org/W4302423442","https://openalex.org/W4388323062","https://openalex.org/W6628750762","https://openalex.org/W6629109987","https://openalex.org/W6631593755","https://openalex.org/W6639387628","https://openalex.org/W6674970080","https://openalex.org/W6675106608","https://openalex.org/W6675970015","https://openalex.org/W6679853467","https://openalex.org/W6679868779","https://openalex.org/W6682361391","https://openalex.org/W6712938822","https://openalex.org/W6739095351","https://openalex.org/W6755223120","https://openalex.org/W6763400521","https://openalex.org/W6773994211","https://openalex.org/W6857963149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2985746494","https://openalex.org/W4206042385","https://openalex.org/W2511384863","https://openalex.org/W2080773131","https://openalex.org/W2096089271","https://openalex.org/W2923628599","https://openalex.org/W2014100433","https://openalex.org/W2051519658","https://openalex.org/W2002304499","https://openalex.org/W2112143119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Causal":[0],"effect":[1,40,63,176],"estimation":[2,33,64,127],"from":[3,131],"observational":[4,132],"data":[5,14,133],"is":[6,65,147],"a":[7,38,69,77,97,143,159],"challenging":[8],"problem,":[9],"especially":[10],"with":[11],"high":[12,53],"dimensional":[13],"and":[15,60,85,120,125,149,183,198],"in":[16,76,106,195],"the":[17,28,35,81,94,110,114,168,188,192],"presence":[18],"of":[19,34,37,158,170],"unobserved":[20,87,138],"variables.":[21,88,139],"The":[22,48],"available":[23],"data-driven":[24,144],"methods":[25],"for":[26,51,73,101,117,174],"tackling":[27],"problem":[29,95],"either":[30],"provide":[31],"an":[32],"bounds":[36],"causal":[39,62,175],"(i.e.,":[41],"nonunique":[42],"estimation)":[43],"or":[44],"have":[45],"low":[46],"efficiency.":[47],"major":[49],"hurdle":[50],"achieving":[52],"efficiency":[54],"while":[55],"trying":[56],"to":[57,67,112,164],"obtain":[58],"unique":[59,124],"unbiased":[61,126],"how":[66],"find":[68],"proper":[70],"adjustment":[71,104,118,172],"set":[72],"confounding":[74],"control":[75],"fast":[78,148],"way,":[79],"given":[80],"huge":[82],"covariate":[83],"space":[84],"considering":[86],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,121],"approach":[93],"as":[96],"local":[98,115],"search":[99,116,169],"task":[100],"finding":[102],"valid":[103],"sets":[105,173],"data.":[107],"We":[108,140,154],"establish":[109],"theorems":[111],"support":[113],"sets,":[119],"show":[122],"that":[123,146,187],"can":[128],"be":[129],"achieved":[130],"even":[134],"when":[135],"there":[136],"exist":[137],"then":[141],"propose":[142],"algorithm":[145,190],"consistent":[150],"under":[151],"mild":[152],"assumptions.":[153],"also":[155],"make":[156],"use":[157],"frequent":[160],"pattern":[161],"mining":[162],"method":[163],"further":[165],"speed":[166],"up":[167],"minimal":[171],"estimation.":[177],"Experiments":[178],"conducted":[179],"on":[180],"extensive":[181],"synthetic":[182],"real-world":[184],"datasets":[185],"demonstrate":[186],"proposed":[189],"outperforms":[191],"state-of-the-art":[193],"criteria/estimators":[194],"both":[196],"accuracy":[197],"time-efficiency.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2023-01-05T00:00:00"}