{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296339015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3207511","title":"HmcNet: A General Approach for Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification","display_name":"HmcNet: A General Approach for Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296339015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3207511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2022.3207511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3207511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101399361","display_name":"Wei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4817-8858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048237545","display_name":"Enhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4835-4102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453156","display_name":"Qi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-5550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101862104","display_name":"Hui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6016-6465"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Hong Kong","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085496384","display_name":"Zhenya Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-0420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenya Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000135168","display_name":"Shiwei Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-0236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiwei Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456041","display_name":"Dan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-4837"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["iFLYTEK Research, IFLYTEK Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iFLYTEK Research, IFLYTEK Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101399361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86497932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"9","first_page":"8713","last_page":"8728"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.8477880954742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7838715314865112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7784703969955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6397175788879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-hierarchy","display_name":"Class hierarchy","score":0.5875560641288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5797152519226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5355290174484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5030686259269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4548400938510895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4425680339336395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39479097723960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14143270254135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-programming","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","score":0.10968965291976929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.8477880954742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7838715314865112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7784703969955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6397175788879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781289151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2903989","display_name":"Class hierarchy","level":3,"score":0.5875560641288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5797152519226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5355290174484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5030686259269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4548400938510895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4425680339336395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39479097723960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14143270254135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.10968965291976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2022.3207511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3207511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-129095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-129095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3424485895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5934901241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106244","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6859851492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95416943","https://openalex.org/W938536774","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1643574276","https://openalex.org/W1751470192","https://openalex.org/W1810943226","https://openalex.org/W1834987204","https://openalex.org/W1967542092","https://openalex.org/W1975719446","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1977224551","https://openalex.org/W2008835805","https://openalex.org/W2014566476","https://openalex.org/W2030848407","https://openalex.org/W2061453990","https://openalex.org/W2084319893","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2105573333","https://openalex.org/W2111979819","https://openalex.org/W2120870876","https://openalex.org/W2123096872","https://openalex.org/W2124396699","https://openalex.org/W2135140174","https://openalex.org/W2146241755","https://openalex.org/W2150766729","https://openalex.org/W2155440340","https://openalex.org/W2163776610","https://openalex.org/W2166985665","https://openalex.org/W2344517839","https://openalex.org/W2443284789","https://openalex.org/W2519969774","https://openalex.org/W2520368209","https://openalex.org/W2590746252","https://openalex.org/W2597655663","https://openalex.org/W2615066396","https://openalex.org/W2625968153","https://openalex.org/W2803270043","https://openalex.org/W2952278429","https://openalex.org/W2955931418","https://openalex.org/W2956050535","https://openalex.org/W2963248507","https://openalex.org/W2970390610","https://openalex.org/W2983965928","https://openalex.org/W3015740509","https://openalex.org/W3021092377","https://openalex.org/W3035690777","https://openalex.org/W3102612524","https://openalex.org/W3111450368","https://openalex.org/W3159117141","https://openalex.org/W4287636301","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638273328","https://openalex.org/W6644473129","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6680273311","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6735377749","https://openalex.org/W6752122265","https://openalex.org/W6752554729","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6784745436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2079027950","https://openalex.org/W2357813254","https://openalex.org/W1971029554","https://openalex.org/W4388185001","https://openalex.org/W2051901529","https://openalex.org/W4229654425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hierarchical":[0,126],"multi-label":[1],"classification":[2],"(HMC)":[3],"deals":[4],"with":[5,15,131],"the":[6,33,46,50,63,102,125,171,176],"problem":[7],"of":[8,175],"assigning":[9],"each":[10],"entity":[11],"to":[12,29,44,88,136],"multiple":[13],"classes":[14,24],"a":[16,76,111,159],"taxonomic":[17],"structure":[18],"(e.g.,":[19],"tree).":[20],"Within":[21],"this":[22,67],"structure,":[23],"at":[25],"different":[26],"levels":[27],"tend":[28,43],"have":[30],"dependencies":[31,48,139],"under":[32],"hierarchy":[34,64,86,134,147],"constraints.":[35],"However,":[36],"most":[37,53],"prior":[38],"studies":[39],"for":[40,80,101],"HMC":[41],"tasks":[42],"ignore":[45],"class":[47,85,133,138,146],"within":[49],"hierarchy.":[51],"Moreover,":[52],"existing":[54],"methods":[55],"generate":[56,89],"incoherent":[57],"predictions":[58,109,157],"and":[59,83,151,154,173],"do":[60],"not":[61],"satisfy":[62],"constraint.":[65],"To":[66,179],"end,":[68],"based":[69],"on":[70,166],"previously":[71],"developed":[72],"HARNN,":[73],"we":[74],"propose":[75],"general":[77],"framework,":[78],"HmcNet,":[79],"introducing":[81],"explicit":[82,145],"implicit":[84,132],"constraints":[87,135,148],"coherent":[90,108,156],"predictions.":[91],"We":[92],"develop":[93],"an":[94],"efficient":[95],"Prune-based":[96],"Coherent":[97],"Prediction":[98],"(PCP)":[99],"strategy":[100],"optimal":[103],"paths":[104],"selection,":[105],"which":[106],"produces":[107],"in":[110,158],"principled":[112],"way.":[113],"HmcNet":[114,177],"can":[115],"be":[116],"well":[117],"explained":[118],"from":[119],"two":[120],"perspectives.":[121],"First,":[122],"it":[123,143],"develops":[124],"Attention-based":[127],"Memory":[128],"(HAM)":[129],"unit":[130],"capture":[137],"more":[140],"intuitively;":[141],"Second,":[142],"subsumes":[144],"during":[149],"training":[150],"inference":[152],"phases":[153],"generates":[155],"consistent":[160],"manner.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"extensive":[163],"experimental":[164],"results":[165],"six":[167],"real-world":[168],"datasets":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"effectiveness":[172],"interpretability":[174],"frameworks.":[178],"facilitate":[180],"future":[181],"research,":[182],"our":[183],"code":[184],"has":[185],"been":[186],"made":[187],"publicly":[188],"available.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}