{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292793914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3201037","title":"NeuralCD: A General Framework for Cognitive Diagnosis","display_name":"NeuralCD: A General Framework for Cognitive Diagnosis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292793914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3201037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2022.3201037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3201037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022936235","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-619X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-619X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453156","display_name":"Qi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-5550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-5550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048237545","display_name":"Enhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4835-4102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4835-4102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085496384","display_name":"Zhenya Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-0420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenya Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-0420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014264612","display_name":"Yu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-5523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-5523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Application, School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069365665","display_name":"Shijin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-0530"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["iFLYTEK AI Research (Central China), Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iFLYTEK AI Research (Central China), Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075435632","display_name":"Yu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-0161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174385955","display_name":"Hefei Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b64k086","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174385955"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China","Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174385955"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.3776,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":142,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99781626,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"8","first_page":"8312","last_page":"8327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.900600016117096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.900600016117096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7879747152328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4803791642189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.336720734834671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7879747152328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4803791642189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.336720734834671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2022.3201037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2022.3201037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3424485895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5934901241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106244","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6859851492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7176628275","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK2150110021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W616464301","https://openalex.org/W1498505737","https://openalex.org/W1535520578","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1899871607","https://openalex.org/W1988709327","https://openalex.org/W1993753443","https://openalex.org/W1993807570","https://openalex.org/W1993997587","https://openalex.org/W2039625536","https://openalex.org/W2045871438","https://openalex.org/W2051963836","https://openalex.org/W2054141820","https://openalex.org/W2054855387","https://openalex.org/W2066816090","https://openalex.org/W2108611097","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2149336671","https://openalex.org/W2152343146","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2160920329","https://openalex.org/W2161984370","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2240067561","https://openalex.org/W2247695808","https://openalex.org/W2303127372","https://openalex.org/W2327501763","https://openalex.org/W2376626445","https://openalex.org/W2380648751","https://openalex.org/W2574518178","https://openalex.org/W2605073321","https://openalex.org/W2612290545","https://openalex.org/W2767413674","https://openalex.org/W2773240666","https://openalex.org/W2775901116","https://openalex.org/W2787760162","https://openalex.org/W2788574423","https://openalex.org/W2809263292","https://openalex.org/W2903831494","https://openalex.org/W2904551248","https://openalex.org/W2907913484","https://openalex.org/W2921387835","https://openalex.org/W2947092077","https://openalex.org/W2955931418","https://openalex.org/W2963666583","https://openalex.org/W2983965928","https://openalex.org/W2987183241","https://openalex.org/W2997882704","https://openalex.org/W3003195799","https://openalex.org/W3035721489","https://openalex.org/W3104946560","https://openalex.org/W3127184636","https://openalex.org/W3166016864","https://openalex.org/W3177475438","https://openalex.org/W3192050629","https://openalex.org/W4249332350","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6680869612","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6713317833","https://openalex.org/W6732172084","https://openalex.org/W6752882487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0,132],"diagnosis":[1,34],"is":[2,76,176,192,262],"widely":[3],"applicable":[4],"in":[5,23,117],"the":[6,42,69,95,118,164,170,202,218,239,249,277,291,303],"scenarios":[7],"where":[8,149,233],"users\u2019":[9],"cognitive":[10,33,70,119,179],"states":[11],"need":[12],"to":[13,85,155,162,186,258,269],"be":[14],"assessed,":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17,36,136,138,268],"games":[18],"and":[19,74,80,88,103,146,153,158,196,246,311],"clinical":[20],"measurement.":[21],"Especially":[22],"intelligent":[24],"education,":[25],"which":[26,175,222],"has":[27,197],"become":[28],"increasingly":[29],"popular":[30],"recent":[31],"decades,":[32],"serves":[35],"a":[37,77,129,193,254,285],"fundamental":[38],"module":[39],"for":[40,178,264],"discovering":[41],"proficiency":[43],"level":[44],"of":[45,57,111,172,204,220,237,242,284,305],"students":[46,73,152],"on":[47,280,299],"specific":[48,271],"knowledge":[49,282,292],"concepts.":[50],"Existing":[51],"approaches":[52],"usually":[53],"mine":[54],"linear":[55],"interactions":[56,71],"student":[58,286],"exercising":[59,166],"process":[60,120],"by":[61,287],"manually":[62,96],"designed":[63,97],"function":[64],"(e.g.,":[65],"logistic":[66],"function).":[67],"However,":[68],"between":[72],"exercises":[75,154],"complex":[78,165],"process,":[79],"excessive":[81],"simplifications":[82],"would":[83],"lead":[84],"under":[86],"fitting":[87],"thus":[89],"get":[90],"inaccurate":[91],"diagnostic":[92,173,278],"results.":[93],"Besides,":[94],"interaction":[98],"functions":[99],"are":[100],"relatively":[101],"inflexible":[102],"limits":[104],"their":[105],"extensibility.":[106,199],"This":[107],"consequently":[108],"causes":[109],"lack":[110],"consideration":[112,294],"about":[113],"useful":[114],"non-numerical":[115],"information":[116],"besides":[121],"response":[122],"logs.":[123],"In":[124],"this":[125],"article,":[126],"we":[127,150,181,216,229,234,252,275],"propose":[128],"general":[130,194],"Neural":[131],"Diagnosis":[133],"(NeuralCD)":[134],"framework":[135,195,307],"well":[137],"several":[139],"implemented":[140],"models":[141],"(a":[142],"basic":[143],"implementation":[144],"NeuralCDM":[145],"three":[147],"extensions),":[148],"project":[151],"factor":[156],"vectors":[157],"incorporates":[159],"neural":[160],"networks":[161],"learn":[163],"interactions.":[167],"To":[168],"ensure":[169],"interpretability":[171],"results,":[174],"essential":[177],"diagnosis,":[180],"apply":[182],"an":[183],"monotonicity":[184],"assumption":[185],"our":[187],"NeuralCD":[188,191,205,261,289,306],"framework.":[189],"Moreover,":[190],"good":[198],"We":[200],"show":[201,259,302],"generality":[203],"through":[206],"proving":[207],"how":[208],"it":[209],"can":[210],"cover":[211],"some":[212],"traditional":[213],"models.":[214],"Then,":[215],"demonstrate":[217,230,253],"extensibility":[219],"NeuralCD,":[221],"benefits":[223],"future":[224],"developments.":[225],"On":[226,248],"one":[227],"hand,":[228,251],"content-based":[231],"extensions":[232],"provide":[235],"examples":[236],"exploring":[238],"rich":[240],"contents":[241],"exercise":[243],"texts":[244],"(CNCD-Q":[245],"CNCD-F).":[247],"other":[250],"knowledge-association":[255],"based":[256],"extension":[257],"that":[260],"flexible":[263],"structural":[265],"adjustments":[266],"so":[267],"solve":[270],"problems.":[272],"For":[273],"instance,":[274],"improve":[276],"results":[279,298],"uncovered":[281],"concepts":[283],"extending":[288],"with":[290,308],"associations":[293],"(KaNCD).":[295],"Extensive":[296],"experimental":[297],"real-world":[300],"datasets":[301],"effectiveness":[304],"both":[309],"accuracy":[310],"interpretability.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
