{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204453541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3131584","title":"Self-Supervised Learning on Graphs: Contrastive, Generative, or Predictive","display_name":"Self-Supervised Learning on Graphs: Contrastive, Generative, or Predictive","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204453541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3131584","mag":"3204453541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2021.3131584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3131584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041519364","display_name":"Lirong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lirong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-3194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031613239","display_name":"Haitao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-6590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-6590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006542157","display_name":"Cheng Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-923X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-923X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060075172","display_name":"Zhangyang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-6083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangyang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082786719","display_name":"Stan Z. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-8096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stan Z. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-8096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.3606,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":275,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99576644,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"4216","last_page":"4235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8865875005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6105099320411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5845060348510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5741203427314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5199764370918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.45496612787246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41011175513267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3250715732574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.222061425447464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8865875005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6105099320411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5845060348510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5741203427314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5199764370918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.45496612787246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41011175513267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3250715732574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.222061425447464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2021.3131584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3131584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":220,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492230849","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W1977340881","https://openalex.org/W1998029376","https://openalex.org/W1998056319","https://openalex.org/W2008857988","https://openalex.org/W2038310963","https://openalex.org/W2056562706","https://openalex.org/W2080635178","https://openalex.org/W2080731889","https://openalex.org/W2087194317","https://openalex.org/W2092750499","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2099438806","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2136144249","https://openalex.org/W2139823104","https://openalex.org/W2145578524","https://openalex.org/W2152790380","https://openalex.org/W2153959628","https://openalex.org/W2162630660","https://openalex.org/W2168190036","https://openalex.org/W2168993425","https://openalex.org/W2189911347","https://openalex.org/W2219888463","https://openalex.org/W2276859037","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2406943157","https://openalex.org/W2419501139","https://openalex.org/W2461470610","https://openalex.org/W2473190403","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2554952599","https://openalex.org/W2606377603","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2735272571","https://openalex.org/W2766453196","https://openalex.org/W2767404761","https://openalex.org/W2803832867","https://openalex.org/W2842511635","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2894175828","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2897249806","https://openalex.org/W2900470550","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2937967841","https://openalex.org/W2945876331","https://openalex.org/W2947894439","https://openalex.org/W2949725501","https://openalex.org/W2951928415","https://openalex.org/W2953791858","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2962852342","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963782635","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964051675","https://openalex.org/W2964074409","https://openalex.org/W2964420626","https://openalex.org/W2965044668","https://openalex.org/W2965556524","https://openalex.org/W2965570621","https://openalex.org/W2967954196","https://openalex.org/W2989985603","https://openalex.org/W2991222810","https://openalex.org/W2994710732","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W2997686727","https://openalex.org/W2998269939","https://openalex.org/W3000577518","https://openalex.org/W3005552578","https://openalex.org/W3009525938","https://openalex.org/W3012816161","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3030661718","https://openalex.org/W3033039844","https://openalex.org/W3033100793","https://openalex.org/W3034978746","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3035065454","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3035725276","https://openalex.org/W3035748723","https://openalex.org/W3036224891","https://openalex.org/W3036446966","https://openalex.org/W3036974265","https://openalex.org/W3039806961","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3041515167","https://openalex.org/W3042563449","https://openalex.org/W3042770487","https://openalex.org/W3044421346","https://openalex.org/W3080997787","https://openalex.org/W3081963674","https://openalex.org/W3082154031","https://openalex.org/W3082326417","https://openalex.org/W3085185025","https://openalex.org/W3085479328","https://openalex.org/W3085482458","https://openalex.org/W3086430417","https://openalex.org/W3086452730","https://openalex.org/W3088375704","https://openalex.org/W3088815919","https://openalex.org/W3090114880","https://openalex.org/W3090885953","https://openalex.org/W3091940082","https://openalex.org/W3094427051","https://openalex.org/W3094593838","https://openalex.org/W3095746859","https://openalex.org/W3099152386","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3099306795","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W3100010556","https://openalex.org/W3100078588","https://openalex.org/W3101620381","https://openalex.org/W3102363610","https://openalex.org/W3102419180","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3105705953","https://openalex.org/W3106188259","https://openalex.org/W3107668149","https://openalex.org/W3109781852","https://openalex.org/W3114654929","https://openalex.org/W3115651056","https://openalex.org/W3117246674","https://openalex.org/W3117298090","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3119795314","https://openalex.org/W3121199044","https://openalex.org/W3121706758","https://openalex.org/W3122063025","https://openalex.org/W3123823653","https://openalex.org/W3125831646","https://openalex.org/W3126928293","https://openalex.org/W3129850062","https://openalex.org/W3130828726","https://openalex.org/W3130885618","https://openalex.org/W3132402977","https://openalex.org/W3132869322","https://openalex.org/W3134210100","https://openalex.org/W3134652006","https://openalex.org/W3137954089","https://openalex.org/W3138430982","https://openalex.org/W3141023492","https://openalex.org/W3144386677","https://openalex.org/W3146165332","https://openalex.org/W3153085126","https://openalex.org/W3153673236","https://openalex.org/W3154503084","https://openalex.org/W3154679372","https://openalex.org/W3156968278","https://openalex.org/W3157089686","https://openalex.org/W3158147183","https://openalex.org/W3163779489","https://openalex.org/W3169063491","https://openalex.org/W3170682786","https://openalex.org/W3172710079","https://openalex.org/W3173151551","https://openalex.org/W3185284726","https://openalex.org/W3214174720","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4287252623","https://openalex.org/W4288275971","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4294974645","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4301372783","https://openalex.org/W4322614756","https://openalex.org/W4385819812","https://openalex.org/W6639055396","https://openalex.org/W6678914141","https://openalex.org/W6682948231","https://openalex.org/W6685380521","https://openalex.org/W6717434760","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6730084236","https://openalex.org/W6730323794","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6752051073","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755573351","https://openalex.org/W6761552821","https://openalex.org/W6763050518","https://openalex.org/W6766156693","https://openalex.org/W6766489549","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6770592035","https://openalex.org/W6772452955","https://openalex.org/W6772776185","https://openalex.org/W6774314701","https://openalex.org/W6774420841","https://openalex.org/W6778761934","https://openalex.org/W6779119530","https://openalex.org/W6779326418","https://openalex.org/W6779518175","https://openalex.org/W6779686349","https://openalex.org/W6779940601","https://openalex.org/W6780191644","https://openalex.org/W6780721981","https://openalex.org/W6782874078","https://openalex.org/W6782886300","https://openalex.org/W6783093189","https://openalex.org/W6783625256","https://openalex.org/W6783681468","https://openalex.org/W6783750067","https://openalex.org/W6783961830","https://openalex.org/W6783990618","https://openalex.org/W6784614190","https://openalex.org/W6784694379","https://openalex.org/W6786582426","https://openalex.org/W6788172410","https://openalex.org/W6790763814","https://openalex.org/W6791742336","https://openalex.org/W6792623061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390","https://openalex.org/W2188872161","https://openalex.org/W2002978035","https://openalex.org/W2961779879","https://openalex.org/W797688974","https://openalex.org/W2209382646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,40],"on":[2,9,19,58],"graphs":[3],"has":[4],"recently":[5],"achieved":[6],"remarkable":[7],"success":[8,16],"a":[10,45,85,119,135,188],"variety":[11],"of":[12,68,76,90,122,131,162],"tasks,":[13,156],"while":[14],"such":[15],"relies":[17],"heavily":[18],"the":[20,66,74,149,168],"massive":[21],"and":[22,33,79,87,109,143,159,171],"carefully":[23],"labeled":[24],"data.":[25,96],"However,":[26],"precise":[27],"annotations":[28],"are":[29,185],"generally":[30],"very":[31],"expensive":[32],"time-consuming.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"this":[37,62],"problem,":[38],"self-supervised":[39,178],"(SSL)":[41],"is":[42],"emerging":[43],"as":[44],"new":[46],"paradigm":[47],"for":[48,94,175],"extracting":[49],"informative":[50],"knowledge":[51],"through":[52],"well-designed":[53],"pretext":[54],"tasks":[55],"without":[56],"relying":[57],"manual":[59],"labels.":[60],"In":[61],"survey,":[63],"we":[64,98,125,146,166],"extend":[65],"concept":[67],"SSL,":[69],"which":[70],"first":[71],"emerged":[72],"in":[73,134,182,187],"fields":[75],"computer":[77],"vision":[78],"natural":[80],"language":[81],"processing,":[82],"to":[83,139],"present":[84,126],"timely":[86],"comprehensive":[88],"review":[89],"existing":[91,100,132],"SSL":[92,102,184],"techniques":[93],"graph":[95,101,177,183],"Specifically,":[97],"divide":[99],"methods":[103],"into":[104],"three":[105],"categories:":[106],"contrastive,":[107],"generative,":[108],"predictive.":[110],"More":[111],"importantly,":[112],"unlike":[113],"other":[114],"surveys":[115],"that":[116],"only":[117],"provide":[118],"high-level":[120],"description":[121],"published":[123],"research,":[124],"an":[127],"additional":[128],"mathematical":[129],"summary":[130],"works":[133],"unified":[136],"framework.":[137],"Furthermore,":[138],"facilitate":[140],"methodological":[141],"development":[142],"empirical":[144],"comparisons,":[145],"also":[147],"summarize":[148],"commonly":[150],"used":[151],"datasets,":[152],"evaluation":[153],"metrics,":[154],"downstream":[155],"open-source":[157],"implementations,":[158],"experimental":[160],"study":[161],"various":[163],"algorithms.":[164],"Finally,":[165],"discuss":[167],"technical":[169],"challenges":[170],"potential":[172],"future":[173],"directions":[174],"improving":[176],"learning.":[179],"Latest":[180],"advances":[181],"summarized":[186],"GitHub":[189],"repositoryhttps://github.com/LirongWu/awesome-graph-self-supervised-learning.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}