{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212438094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3126642","title":"Constrained Generative Adversarial Learning for Dimensionality Reduction","display_name":"Constrained Generative Adversarial Learning for Dimensionality Reduction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212438094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3126642","mag":"3212438094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2021.3126642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3126642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019275492","display_name":"Ehsan Hallaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-4003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Hallaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: hallaji@uwindsor.ca)","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: hallaji@uwindsor.ca)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: hallaji@uwindsor.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: hallaji@uwindsor.ca)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005714184","display_name":"Maryam Farajzadeh-Zanjani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8553-7680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Farajzadeh-Zanjani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: farajza@uwindsor.ca)","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: farajza@uwindsor.ca)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: farajza@uwindsor.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: farajza@uwindsor.ca)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019749887","display_name":"Roozbeh Razavi\u2010Far","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4330-3656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roozbeh Razavi-Far","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: roozbeh@uwindsor.ca)","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: roozbeh@uwindsor.ca)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: roozbeh@uwindsor.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: roozbeh@uwindsor.ca)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076935774","display_name":"Vasile Palade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-8394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","display_name":"Coventry University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgmhj36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasile Palade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Computing, Coventry University Faculty of Engineering and Computing, 231310 Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (e-mail: ab5839@coventry.ac.uk)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Computing, Coventry University Faculty of Engineering and Computing, 231310 Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (e-mail: ab5839@coventry.ac.uk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038291093","display_name":"Mehrdad Saif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-4189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Saif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: msaif@uwindsor.ca)","[Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: msaif@uwindsor.ca)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: msaif@uwindsor.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Faculty of Engineering, University of Windsor, 8637 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, (e-mail: msaif@uwindsor.ca)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7248,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69424073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.8586341142654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6899469494819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6007031202316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5977452397346497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-map","display_name":"Diffusion map","score":0.5241965651512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.5160281658172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4917180836200714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4764462113380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.47298845648765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.4507281482219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.44725966453552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.42980748414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.42764344811439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4187043309211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4178418219089508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37866976857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","score":0.32751747965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2229468822479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21510154008865356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.8586341142654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6899469494819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6007031202316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5977452397346497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55128770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275440","display_name":"Diffusion map","level":4,"score":0.5241965651512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.5160281658172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4917180836200714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4764462113380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.47298845648765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4507281482219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.44725966453552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42980748414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.42764344811439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4187043309211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4178418219089508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37866976857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.32751747965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2229468822479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21510154008865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2021.3126642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3126642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:electricalengpub-1061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/electricalengpub/64","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400430","display_name":"Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1616262590","https://openalex.org/W1978372964","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2018849884","https://openalex.org/W2041657594","https://openalex.org/W2042970394","https://openalex.org/W2060300932","https://openalex.org/W2068992789","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2103914106","https://openalex.org/W2137570937","https://openalex.org/W2177066871","https://openalex.org/W2344041367","https://openalex.org/W2386210108","https://openalex.org/W2517066960","https://openalex.org/W2587376528","https://openalex.org/W2607323999","https://openalex.org/W2712360410","https://openalex.org/W2807548733","https://openalex.org/W2808340291","https://openalex.org/W2900378035","https://openalex.org/W2963307331","https://openalex.org/W2963667873","https://openalex.org/W2972502338","https://openalex.org/W2984112395","https://openalex.org/W2989184171","https://openalex.org/W3000538487","https://openalex.org/W3022744764","https://openalex.org/W3102431071","https://openalex.org/W3129586599","https://openalex.org/W3129701133","https://openalex.org/W4293568373","https://openalex.org/W4298082496","https://openalex.org/W6608394925","https://openalex.org/W6677844713","https://openalex.org/W6680962578","https://openalex.org/W6746090280","https://openalex.org/W6780248173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385810342","https://openalex.org/W2362377451","https://openalex.org/W2375574759","https://openalex.org/W3193686696","https://openalex.org/W2383239174","https://openalex.org/W2037225398","https://openalex.org/W2539700568","https://openalex.org/W2011554195","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2370374457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"data-driven":[1],"technologies":[2],"and":[3,8,38,63,122,177,194],"big":[4],"data":[5,16,40,62,83,87,132],"analytics":[6],"generate":[7],"deal":[9],"with":[10,135],"high-dimensional":[11,61],"data.":[12],"Transformation":[13],"of":[14,80,108,173],"such":[15,26],"into":[17],"a":[18,28,45,106,115,159,191],"low-dimensional":[19],"feature":[20,31,116,143],"space":[21,117],"brings":[22],"about":[23],"numerous":[24],"benefits,":[25],"as":[27,94],"more":[29],"discriminant":[30],"space,":[32],"performance":[33,189],"enhancement,":[34],"less":[35],"computational":[36],"burden,":[37],"facilitating":[39],"visualization.":[41],"This":[42,127],"paper":[43],"proposes":[44],"novel":[46],"dimensionality":[47,67,152],"reduction":[48,153],"algorithm":[49],"based":[50],"on":[51,166],"generative":[52],"adversarial":[53],"networks":[54],"to":[55,60,76,114,157],"tackle":[56],"the":[57,78,81,86,92,97,130,136,141,147,184,196],"issues":[58],"related":[59],"common":[64],"challenges":[65],"in":[66,118,140,171],"reduction.":[68],"To":[69,145],"this":[70],"aim,":[71],"two":[72],"constraints":[73],"are":[74,125,155,164],"defined":[75],"preserve":[77],"characteristics":[79],"original":[82,142],"while":[84,129],"rectifying":[85],"distribution":[88],"upon":[89],"transformation.":[90],"Formulating":[91],"transformation":[93],"sequential":[95,109],"projections,":[96],"proposed":[98,148],"Constrained":[99],"Adversarial":[100],"Dimensionality":[101],"Reduction":[102],"(CADR)":[103],"method":[104],"finds":[105],"set":[107],"projection":[110],"vectors":[111],"that":[112,183],"lead":[113],"which":[119],"between-class":[120],"separability":[121],"within-class":[123],"integrity":[124],"satisfied.":[126],"is":[128],"transformed":[131],"perfectly":[133],"comply":[134],"pairwise":[137],"affinity":[138],"correlation":[139],"space.":[144],"evaluate":[146],"method,":[149],"nine":[150],"advanced":[151],"techniques":[154],"employed":[156],"enable":[158],"comparative":[160],"study.":[161],"The":[162,179],"experiments":[163],"performed":[165],"several":[167],"real-world":[168],"benchmark":[169],"datasets":[170],"terms":[172],"classification":[174,188],"accuracy,":[175],"F-measure,":[176],"G-mean.":[178],"obtained":[180],"results":[181],"show":[182],"CADR":[185],"could":[186],"yield":[187],"at":[190],"satisfactory":[192],"level":[193],"outperforms":[195],"other":[197],"competitors.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
