{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157662314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3076457","title":"Semi-Supervised Learning With Label Proportion","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Learning With Label Proportion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157662314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3076457","mag":"3157662314"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2021.3076457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3076457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021609982","display_name":"Ningzhao Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningzhao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tingjin Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-4627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingjin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-4627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017247900","display_name":"Wenzhang Zhuge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-4697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhang Zhuge","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010022982","display_name":"Hong Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-5683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091529433","display_name":"Chenping Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-0469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenping Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-0469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071074935","display_name":"Dewen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7357-0053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dewen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7357-0053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77350338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"877","last_page":"890"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardinality","display_name":"Cardinality (data modeling)","score":0.6349602937698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-label-classification","display_name":"Multi-label classification","score":0.6309618949890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.601830780506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submodular-set-function","display_name":"Submodular set function","score":0.5891257524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4686751961708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.45355114340782166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4426496922969818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.4253047704696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.41364508867263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27721285820007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.22124013304710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.15835145115852356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87117476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362383","display_name":"Cardinality (data modeling)","level":2,"score":0.6349602937698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776482837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3553958","display_name":"Multi-label classification","level":2,"score":0.6309618949890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.601830780506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178621042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631710","display_name":"Submodular set function","level":2,"score":0.5891257524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4686751961708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45355114340782166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4426496922969818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.4253047704696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.41364508867263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27721285820007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.22124013304710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.15835145115852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2021.3076457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2021.3076457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4173930408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5670962352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62036013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7031182729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7694957091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92894758","https://openalex.org/W102334056","https://openalex.org/W182282593","https://openalex.org/W1474796756","https://openalex.org/W1532327008","https://openalex.org/W1576820654","https://openalex.org/W1585385982","https://openalex.org/W1669076080","https://openalex.org/W1990334093","https://openalex.org/W1997201895","https://openalex.org/W2019288156","https://openalex.org/W2073110021","https://openalex.org/W2097089247","https://openalex.org/W2099516119","https://openalex.org/W2104990616","https://openalex.org/W2107968230","https://openalex.org/W2113137767","https://openalex.org/W2114315281","https://openalex.org/W2117708047","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2122565017","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2132709984","https://openalex.org/W2136504847","https://openalex.org/W2137054688","https://openalex.org/W2139823104","https://openalex.org/W2154455818","https://openalex.org/W2327406474","https://openalex.org/W2401764675","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2789677693","https://openalex.org/W2808575719","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2911188335","https://openalex.org/W2952019053","https://openalex.org/W3148981562","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4250739957","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6603760306","https://openalex.org/W6604070940","https://openalex.org/W6607393373","https://openalex.org/W6628418637","https://openalex.org/W6631654266","https://openalex.org/W6635184699","https://openalex.org/W6676348322","https://openalex.org/W6677624947","https://openalex.org/W6677656871","https://openalex.org/W6677987841","https://openalex.org/W6679974894","https://openalex.org/W6680140577","https://openalex.org/W6680434193","https://openalex.org/W6682205712","https://openalex.org/W6682494755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595919516","https://openalex.org/W2945022594","https://openalex.org/W2966531942","https://openalex.org/W2194604332","https://openalex.org/W4379619607","https://openalex.org/W2944744777","https://openalex.org/W4321600307","https://openalex.org/W4251076636","https://openalex.org/W2924623028","https://openalex.org/W4288411600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"scarcity":[1],"of":[2,23,34,49,64,95,193],"labels":[3],"is":[4,31,98,161],"common":[5],"and":[6,37,113,140,159,180],"great":[7],"challenge":[8],"in":[9,42,74,103],"traditional":[10],"supervised":[11],"learning.":[12],"Semi-supervised":[13],"learning":[14],"(SSL)":[15],"leverages":[16],"unlabeled":[17],"samples":[18],"to":[19,90,116,136,153,163],"alleviate":[20],"the":[21,47,78,145,170,190],"absence":[22],"label":[24,29,51,96,138,141],"information.":[25],"Similar":[26],"with":[27,46,69,72,80,129],"annotation,":[28],"proportion":[30,52,79,97,142],"another":[32],"type":[33],"prior":[35,93,111],"information":[36,94,112],"plays":[38],"a":[39,61,126,154,174],"significant":[40],"role":[41],"classification":[43],"tasks.":[44],"Compared":[45],"acquisition":[48],"labels,":[50],"can":[53,82],"be":[54,83,164],"obtained":[55],"more":[56],"easily.":[57],"For":[58],"example,":[59],"only":[60],"small":[62],"number":[63],"patients":[65],"have":[66],"been":[67],"diagnosed":[68],"or":[70],"not":[71],"cancers":[73],"hospital":[75],"database,":[76],"while":[77],"cancer":[81],"generally":[84],"estimated":[85],"by":[86,143,177],"historical":[87],"records.":[88],"How":[89],"incorporate":[91],"such":[92],"crucial":[99],"but":[100],"rarely":[101],"studied":[102],"literature.":[104],"Traditional":[105],"SSL":[106,128],"methods":[107],"often":[108],"ignore":[109],"this":[110,122],"will":[114],"lead":[115],"performance":[117,192],"degradation":[118],"inevitably.":[119],"To":[120],"solve":[121],"problem,":[123],"we":[124,168],"propose":[125],"novel":[127],"Label":[130],"Proportion":[131],"(SSLLP).":[132],"Our":[133,149],"approach":[134],"encourages":[135],"preserve":[137],"consistency":[139],"imposing":[144],"cardinality":[146],"bound":[147],"constraints.":[148],"formulated":[150],"problem":[151,172],"equals":[152],"mixed-integer":[155],"constrained":[156],"submodular":[157],"minimization":[158],"it":[160],"difficult":[162],"solved":[165],"directly.":[166],"Therefore,":[167],"transformed":[169],"original":[171],"into":[173],"convex":[175],"one":[176],"Lov$\\acute{\\text{a}}$sz":[178],"extension":[179],"designed":[181],"an":[182],"efficient":[183],"solving":[184],"algorithm.":[185],"Extensive":[186],"experimental":[187],"results":[188],"present":[189],"improved":[191],"our":[194],"method":[195],"over":[196],"several":[197],"state-of-the-art":[198],"methods.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}