{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007657158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2975625","title":"Accurately Estimating User Cardinalities and Detecting Super Spreaders Over Time","display_name":"Accurately Estimating User Cardinalities and Detecting Super Spreaders Over Time","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007657158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2975625","mag":"3007657158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2020.2975625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2975625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101742841","display_name":"Peng Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2190-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2190-8934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022240408","display_name":"Pinghui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinghui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","Shenzhen Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-6108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649609","display_name":"Yuchao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-8915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000755750","display_name":"Xiangliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3574-5665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuawal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3574-5665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuawal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101516220","display_name":"Jing Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3911-4260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108865","display_name":"Zhejiang Institute of Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/01q17sd51","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108865"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","Shenzhen Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, China","Zhejiang Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108865","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941113","display_name":"Jianwei Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-1940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Communication Security Laboratory, 30th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Communication Security Laboratory, 30th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075845093","display_name":"Xiaohong Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-0362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent and Networked Systems, Tsinghua National Lab for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","Shenzhen Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent and Networked Systems, Tsinghua National Lab for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036683370","display_name":"Don Towsley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-7375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don Towsley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-7375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74752733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"92","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8462947010993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3981859087944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32132503390312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3106305003166199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8462947010993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3981859087944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32132503390312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3106305003166199}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2020.2975625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2975625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/661680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/661680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6989792634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1736205, 61603290","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553409264","https://openalex.org/W1555239021","https://openalex.org/W1601184934","https://openalex.org/W1785933978","https://openalex.org/W1965575862","https://openalex.org/W1977951613","https://openalex.org/W1982092405","https://openalex.org/W2002231822","https://openalex.org/W2005731313","https://openalex.org/W2008365755","https://openalex.org/W2010582541","https://openalex.org/W2025051251","https://openalex.org/W2034302520","https://openalex.org/W2067711584","https://openalex.org/W2078345533","https://openalex.org/W2080234606","https://openalex.org/W2098366185","https://openalex.org/W2099480861","https://openalex.org/W2101196063","https://openalex.org/W2103126020","https://openalex.org/W2115022330","https://openalex.org/W2119351095","https://openalex.org/W2123845384","https://openalex.org/W2141441292","https://openalex.org/W2142099410","https://openalex.org/W2144982963","https://openalex.org/W2145292398","https://openalex.org/W2148665392","https://openalex.org/W2150399692","https://openalex.org/W2150935939","https://openalex.org/W2155372339","https://openalex.org/W2168305032","https://openalex.org/W2205557629","https://openalex.org/W2327315875","https://openalex.org/W2487095677","https://openalex.org/W2562649904","https://openalex.org/W2583903344","https://openalex.org/W2611426219","https://openalex.org/W2742637748","https://openalex.org/W2743723076","https://openalex.org/W2762566515","https://openalex.org/W2808923818","https://openalex.org/W2834288129","https://openalex.org/W2893804842","https://openalex.org/W2963898466","https://openalex.org/W4206137901","https://openalex.org/W4232254113","https://openalex.org/W4233471163","https://openalex.org/W4242142158","https://openalex.org/W4300223101","https://openalex.org/W6679775555","https://openalex.org/W6698379459","https://openalex.org/W6753705544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"monitoring":[1],"user":[2,38,54],"cardinalities":[3,39,164],"in":[4,111,165],"graph":[5,17],"streams":[6,18],"is":[7],"fundamental":[8],"for":[9,132],"many":[10],"applications":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"anomaly":[14],"detection.":[15],"These":[16],"may":[19],"contain":[20],"edge":[21],"duplicates":[22],"and":[23,44,64,121,143,189],"have":[24,122],"a":[25,82,87,133],"large":[26,163],"number":[27],"of":[28,90,101,108,171,198],"user-item":[29,135],"pairs,":[30],"which":[31,80],"makes":[32],"it":[33],"infeasible":[34],"to":[35,41,51,85,115,128,145,149,158],"exactly":[36],"compute":[37],"due":[40],"limited":[42],"computational":[43],"memory":[45],"resources.":[46],"Existing":[47],"methods":[48,157,173,183,193],"are":[49,141,184],"designed":[50],"approximately":[52],"estimate":[53],"cardinalities,":[55],"but":[56],"their":[57],"accuracy":[58],"highly":[59],"depends":[60],"on":[61,174],"complex":[62],"parameters":[63],"they":[65],"cannot":[66],"provide":[67],"anytime-available":[68],"estimation.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"these":[72],"problems,":[73],"we":[74,154],"develop":[75],"novel":[76],"bit/register":[77,83,103],"sharing":[78],"algorithms,":[79],"use":[81],"array":[84],"build":[86],"compact":[88],"sketch":[89],"all":[91],"users\u2019":[92],"connected":[93],"items.":[94],"Our":[95],"algorithms":[96,140],"exploit":[97],"the":[98,102,106,112,118,130,169,195],"dynamic":[99],"properties":[100],"arrays":[104],"(e.g.,":[105],"fraction":[107],"zero":[109],"bits":[110],"bit":[113],"array)":[114],"significantly":[116],"improve":[117],"estimation":[119],"accuracy,":[120],"low":[123],"time":[124],"complexity":[125],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[126],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$O(1)$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[127],"update":[129],"estimations":[131],"new":[134],"pair.":[136],"In":[137],"addition,":[138],"our":[139,156,172,182],"simple":[142],"easy":[144],"use,":[146],"without":[147],"requirements":[148],"tune":[150],"any":[151],"parameter.":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"extend":[155],"detect":[159],"super":[160],"spreaders":[161],"with":[162],"real-time.":[166],"We":[167],"evaluate":[168],"performance":[170],"real-world":[175],"datasets.":[176],"The":[177],"experimental":[178],"results":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"that":[181],"several":[185],"times":[186],"more":[187],"accurate":[188],"faster":[190],"than":[191],"state-of-the-art":[192],"using":[194],"same":[196],"amount":[197],"memory.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}