{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004270304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2969633","title":"Secure and Efficient Outsourced k-Means Clustering using Fully Homomorphic Encryption With Ciphertext Packing Technique","display_name":"Secure and Efficient Outsourced k-Means Clustering using Fully Homomorphic Encryption With Ciphertext Packing Technique","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004270304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2969633","mag":"3004270304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2020.2969633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2969633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004214379","display_name":"Wei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1424-1414"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1424-1414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414723","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-594X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-594X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067328336","display_name":"Huimei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-2850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huimei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-2850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074475679","display_name":"Jialu Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-840X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialu Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032836945","display_name":"Ming Xian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-9763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Xian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95469453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"10","first_page":"3424","last_page":"3437"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8679121136665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8654259443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7011122703552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.6489433646202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6294581294059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6100281476974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-security","display_name":"Semantic security","score":0.5632522106170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5064417123794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38694941997528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribute-based-encryption","display_name":"Attribute-based encryption","score":0.3617887496948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3496435582637787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3432310223579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3249717950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.2469862401485443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09079760313034058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08626499772071838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8679121136665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8654259443283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7011122703552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.6489433646202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6294581294059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6100281476974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204806902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333581","display_name":"Semantic security","level":5,"score":0.5632522106170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5064417123794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38694941997528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7646194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818713","display_name":"Attribute-based encryption","level":4,"score":0.3617887496948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3496435582637787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3432310223579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3249717950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2469862401485443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09079760313034058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08626499772071838}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2020.2969633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2020.2969633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7240599744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801489","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66018615","https://openalex.org/W1011543787","https://openalex.org/W1159302035","https://openalex.org/W1966731635","https://openalex.org/W1996813431","https://openalex.org/W2003146103","https://openalex.org/W2012408435","https://openalex.org/W2041480327","https://openalex.org/W2097184218","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2158112071","https://openalex.org/W2233194383","https://openalex.org/W2255171392","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2519249189","https://openalex.org/W2548368809","https://openalex.org/W2558212438","https://openalex.org/W2740840499","https://openalex.org/W2751684531","https://openalex.org/W2758824571","https://openalex.org/W2768000551","https://openalex.org/W2884345292","https://openalex.org/W2912051894","https://openalex.org/W2952982365","https://openalex.org/W4248358572","https://openalex.org/W6717974185","https://openalex.org/W6726233454","https://openalex.org/W6744875452","https://openalex.org/W6765188004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2363701519","https://openalex.org/W2292786713","https://openalex.org/W2131846073","https://openalex.org/W114534093","https://openalex.org/W2383331906","https://openalex.org/W2947510282","https://openalex.org/W1906282778","https://openalex.org/W1939781145","https://openalex.org/W1558439324","https://openalex.org/W4388469158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"more":[1],"individuals":[2],"and":[3,24,51,79,99,137,149,183],"corporations":[4],"tend":[5],"to":[6,46,186],"use":[7],"machine":[8],"learning":[9],"as":[10],"a":[11,70,96],"service":[12],"(MLaaS)":[13],"in":[14,86,126],"cloud":[15,28,59],"computing":[16],"environment.":[17],"However,":[18],"when":[19],"enjoying":[20],"the":[21,33,151,154,180],"pay-as-you-go":[22],"mode":[23],"flexible":[25],"capacity":[26],"of":[27,35,73,134,140,153,176],"computing,":[29],"it":[30],"also":[31],"increases":[32],"risk":[34],"privacy":[36,125,133],"leakage":[37],"for":[38],"sensitive":[39],"data.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42,92],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,94],"aim":[45],"efficiently":[47],"implement":[48],"privacy-preserving":[49],"MLaaS,":[50],"focus":[52],"on":[53,189],"k-means":[54,102],"clustering":[55,103,135],"over":[56],"outsourced":[57,101],"encrypted":[58],"databases.":[60,191],"Previous":[61],"works":[62],"mainly":[63],"utilize":[64],"partially":[65],"homomorphic":[66,108],"encryptions,":[67],"which":[68,114],"require":[69],"great":[71],"number":[72],"interactive":[74],"protocols":[75],"with":[76,110],"high":[77],"computation":[78,117,170],"communication":[80],"costs,":[81],"making":[82],"them":[83],"not":[84],"practical":[85],"real-world":[87],"applications.":[88],"To":[89],"better":[90],"solve":[91],"problem,":[93],"propose":[95],"new":[97],"secure":[98],"efficient":[100],"(SEOKC)":[104],"scheme":[105,123,156,166],"using":[106],"fully":[107],"encryption":[109],"ciphertext":[111],"packing":[112],"technique,":[113],"achieves":[115],"parallel":[116],"without":[118],"extra":[119],"cost.":[120],"The":[121,160],"proposed":[122,155],"preserves":[124],"three":[127,174],"aspects:":[128],"(1)":[129],"database":[130],"security,":[131],"(2)":[132],"results":[136,162],"(3)":[138],"hiding":[139],"data":[141],"access":[142],"patterns.":[143],"We":[144],"provide":[145],"formal":[146],"security":[147],"analysis":[148],"evaluate":[150],"performance":[152],"through":[157],"extensive":[158],"experiments.":[159],"experiment":[161],"show":[163],"that":[164],"our":[165],"needs":[167],"much":[168],"less":[169],"cost":[171],"(more":[172],"than":[173,179],"orders":[175],"magnitude":[177],"lower)":[178],"state-of-the-art":[181],"schemes,":[182],"is":[184],"suitable":[185],"be":[187],"applied":[188],"large":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}