{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3009436782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2946149","title":"Tree++: Truncated Tree Based Graph Kernels","display_name":"Tree++: Truncated Tree Based Graph Kernels","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3009436782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2946149","mag":"3009436782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2019.2946149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2946149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.09846","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-7788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rachel Redberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5592-7186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Redberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5592-7186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ambuj Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1997-7140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ambuj Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1997-7140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7863622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"1778","last_page":"1789"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9259999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9259999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.027699999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11476","display_name":"Graph theory and applications","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-graph","display_name":"Block graph","score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-kernel","display_name":"Graph kernel","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/butterfly-graph","display_name":"Butterfly graph","score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement-graph","display_name":"Complement graph","score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-property","display_name":"Graph property","score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparability-graph","display_name":"Comparability graph","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-graph","display_name":"Line graph","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-graph","display_name":"Null graph","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-depth","display_name":"Tree-depth","score":0.3817000091075897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43413943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927193","display_name":"Block graph","level":5,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100595998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11731931","display_name":"Graph kernel","level":5,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18819970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3035340","display_name":"Butterfly graph","level":5,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168291704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902252","display_name":"Complement graph","level":5,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64339825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722659","display_name":"Graph property","level":5,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198414033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155607","display_name":"Comparability graph","level":5,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203776342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378376","display_name":"Line graph","level":3,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17169500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3033506","display_name":"Null graph","level":5,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69284658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7837500","display_name":"Tree-depth","level":5,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19332903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623247","display_name":"Strength of a graph","level":5,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22149727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940747","display_name":"Voltage graph","level":4,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147792647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282847","display_name":"Distance-hereditary graph","level":5,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14201764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1205074","display_name":"Symmetric graph","level":5,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145580432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497118","display_name":"Lattice graph","level":5,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68103157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569347","display_name":"Graph product","level":5,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80899671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304193","display_name":"Vertex (graph theory)","level":3,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157406716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115842","display_name":"Topological graph theory","level":5,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36038622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428703","display_name":"Factor-critical graph","level":5,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43517604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144893","display_name":"Pathwidth","level":4,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5737132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1101814","display_name":"Clique-width","level":5,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187407849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889712","display_name":"Modular decomposition","level":5,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7036158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3385162","display_name":"Graph homomorphism","level":5,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73380178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8024306","display_name":"Windmill graph","level":5,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125792925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3115604","display_name":"Outerplanar graph","level":5,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2019.2946149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2946149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.09846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09846","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.09846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.09846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09846","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.09846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G320732801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"# W911NF-15-1-0577","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6160989094","display_name":"III: Small:  Explaining heterogeneity within and across evolving networks","funder_award_id":"1817046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1179283095","https://openalex.org/W1492230849","https://openalex.org/W1816257748","https://openalex.org/W1967570846","https://openalex.org/W1971937094","https://openalex.org/W2008857988","https://openalex.org/W2026625220","https://openalex.org/W2034618876","https://openalex.org/W2039444222","https://openalex.org/W2056562706","https://openalex.org/W2087194317","https://openalex.org/W2099438806","https://openalex.org/W2105869081","https://openalex.org/W2129893339","https://openalex.org/W2147286743","https://openalex.org/W2148762636","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2185303849","https://openalex.org/W2343790552","https://openalex.org/W2518425833","https://openalex.org/W2804381853","https://openalex.org/W2809343047","https://openalex.org/W2962911247","https://openalex.org/W6628717828","https://openalex.org/W6629172744","https://openalex.org/W6634338208","https://openalex.org/W6638258969","https://openalex.org/W6675021974","https://openalex.org/W6676388157","https://openalex.org/W6679209274","https://openalex.org/W6680132778","https://openalex.org/W6681029592","https://openalex.org/W6688325169","https://openalex.org/W6691474080","https://openalex.org/W6695479203","https://openalex.org/W6697214482","https://openalex.org/W6697800454","https://openalex.org/W6713582119","https://openalex.org/W6716606006","https://openalex.org/W6727823310","https://openalex.org/W6736075447","https://openalex.org/W6743487926","https://openalex.org/W6752012279","https://openalex.org/W6755389523","https://openalex.org/W6758327135","https://openalex.org/W7065437122"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graph-structured":[0],"data":[1],"arise":[2],"ubiquitously":[3],"in":[4,82,123,175],"many":[5],"application":[6],"domains.":[7],"A":[8],"fundamental":[9],"problem":[10],"is":[11,90],"to":[12,120,130,147],"quantify":[13],"their":[14],"similarities.":[15],"Graph":[16],"kernels":[17,39],"are":[18],"often":[19],"used":[20],"for":[21],"this":[22,72,83],"purpose,":[23],"which":[24],"decompose":[25],"graphs":[26,51,59,185],"into":[27,162],"substructures":[28],"and":[29,113],"compare":[30,50],"these":[31],"substructures.":[32],"However,":[33],"most":[34],"of":[35,45,55,68,88,183],"the":[36,43,86,95,118,124,173,190],"existing":[37],"graph":[38,78,92,97,101,135,140,149,197],"do":[40],"not":[41],"have":[42],"property":[44],"scale-adaptivity,":[46],"i.e.,":[47],"they":[48],"cannot":[49],"at":[52,65,110,142,151,172],"multiple":[53],"levels":[54,67],"granularities.":[56,69,144],"Many":[57],"real-world":[58,184],"such":[60],"as":[61,128],"molecules":[62],"exhibit":[63],"structure":[64],"varying":[66],"To":[70],"tackle":[71],"problem,":[73],"we":[74,154],"propose":[75],"a":[76,91,105,156,176,181],"new":[77,157],"kernel":[79,93,102,136],"called":[80,94,159],"Tree++":[81,89,188],"paper.":[84],"At":[85],"heart":[87],"path-pattern":[96,100,134],"kernel.":[98],"The":[99,133,164],"first":[103],"builds":[104],"truncated":[106,125,168],"BFS":[107,126,169],"tree":[108,127],"rooted":[109,171],"each":[111],"vertex":[112,122],"then":[114],"uses":[115],"paths":[116],"from":[117],"root":[119],"every":[121],"features":[129],"represent":[131],"graphs.":[132],"can":[137],"only":[138],"capture":[139,148],"similarity":[141,150],"fine":[143],"In":[145],"order":[146],"coarse":[152],"granularities,":[153],"incorporate":[155],"concept":[158],"super":[160,165],"path":[161,166],"it.":[163],"contains":[167],"trees":[170],"vertices":[174],"path.":[177],"Our":[178],"evaluation":[179],"on":[180],"variety":[182],"demonstrates":[186],"that":[187],"achieves":[189],"best":[191],"classification":[192],"accuracy":[193],"compared":[194],"with":[195],"previous":[196],"kernels.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2020-03-13T00:00:00"}
