{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967817218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2934450","title":"LN-SNE: Log-Normal Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding for Anomaly Detection","display_name":"LN-SNE: Log-Normal Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding for Anomaly Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967817218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2934450","mag":"2967817218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2019.2934450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2934450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073433282","display_name":"Zahra Ghafoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3684-2141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Ghafoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3684-2141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070030398","display_name":"Sarah Erfani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah M. Erfani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043324448","display_name":"James C. Bezdek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-7021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Bezdek","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-7021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021381399","display_name":"Shanika Karunasekera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-5064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanika Karunasekera","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076014464","display_name":"Christopher Leckie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-0517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Leckie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1295,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83821632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"815","last_page":"820"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.8223793506622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.8182035684585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6316806077957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6262069940567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6034049987792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5569552183151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.5289868116378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.4955552816390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.48784899711608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.463066041469574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4624924957752228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34284478425979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20592829585075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18073347210884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10676568746566772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.07150471210479736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.8223793506622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8182035684585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6316806077957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6262069940567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6034049987792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5569552183151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5289868116378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4955552816390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.48784899711608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.463066041469574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4624924957752228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34284478425979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20592829585075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18073347210884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10676568746566772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.07150471210479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2019.2934450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2934450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971585691","https://openalex.org/W2007087405","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2116516955","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2132870739","https://openalex.org/W2137570937","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2217007515","https://openalex.org/W2414968846","https://openalex.org/W2471395181","https://openalex.org/W2516866958","https://openalex.org/W2803697594","https://openalex.org/W2910068345","https://openalex.org/W6751494907","https://openalex.org/W6758101687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W1995622179","https://openalex.org/W1484111231","https://openalex.org/W1909208367","https://openalex.org/W1552543208","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W2074396517","https://openalex.org/W2994280181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,49,90],"present":[1],"a":[2,15,26,33],"new":[3],"unsupervised":[4],"dimensionality":[5,55],"reduction":[6,56],"technique,":[7],"called":[8],"LN-SNE,":[9],"for":[10,66],"anomaly":[11,67],"detection.":[12],"LN-SNE":[13,51,65],"generates":[14],"parametric":[16],"embedding":[17],"by":[18],"means":[19],"of":[20,75,88,103],"Restricted":[21],"Boltzmann":[22],"Machines":[23],"and":[24,43,83,105],"uses":[25],"heavy-tail":[27],"distribution":[28],"to":[29,32,52,72,100],"project":[30],"data":[31,42,106],"lower":[34],"dimensional":[35],"space":[36,78],"such":[37],"that":[38,64,93],"dissimilarities":[39],"between":[40],"normal":[41],"anomalies":[44],"are":[45],"preserved":[46],"or":[47],"strengthened.":[48],"compare":[50],"several":[53],"benchmark":[54],"methods":[57,82],"on":[58],"real":[59],"datasets.":[60],"The":[61],"results":[62],"suggest":[63],"detection":[68],"is":[69],"less":[70],"sensitive":[71],"the":[73,76,80,101],"dimension":[74],"latent":[77],"than":[79],"other":[81],"outperforms":[84],"them":[85],"in":[86],"terms":[87],"accuracy.":[89],"empirically":[91],"show":[92],"our":[94],"technique":[95],"scales":[96],"near-linearly":[97],"with":[98],"respect":[99],"number":[102],"dimensions":[104],"size.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}