{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955931418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2924374","title":"EKT: Exercise-Aware Knowledge Tracing for Student Performance Prediction","display_name":"EKT: Exercise-Aware Knowledge Tracing for Student Performance Prediction","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955931418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2924374","mag":"2955931418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2019.2924374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2924374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453156","display_name":"Qi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-5550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085496384","display_name":"Zhenya Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1661-0420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenya Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014264612","display_name":"Yu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-5523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048237545","display_name":"Enhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4835-4102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Techonology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101862104","display_name":"Hui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6016-6465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers Business School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers Business School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075435632","display_name":"Yu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-0161"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["iFLYTEK Research, IFLYTEK Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iFLYTEK Research, IFLYTEK Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101922053","display_name":"Guoping Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-6201"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoping Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["iFLYTEK Research, IFLYTEK Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iFLYTEK Research, IFLYTEK Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100453156"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.8653,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":470,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9993426,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"100","last_page":"115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8081896305084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6904671788215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.5882159471511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","score":0.5726746916770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.49140751361846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46060115098953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4565110504627228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44539785385131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.437743216753006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4237768054008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.42165833711624146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8081896305084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6904671788215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5882159471511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.5726746916770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.49140751361846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46060115098953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4565110504627228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44539785385131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.437743216753006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4237768054008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.42165833711624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2019.2924374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2924374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5007750573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1605251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5375682351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91746301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7815993335","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123693119","https://openalex.org/W650350307","https://openalex.org/W1498505737","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1534276167","https://openalex.org/W1539947443","https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W1596401170","https://openalex.org/W1597676467","https://openalex.org/W1793121960","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1959691478","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2045871438","https://openalex.org/W2051963836","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067072670","https://openalex.org/W2105594594","https://openalex.org/W2131494463","https://openalex.org/W2131571251","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2146856593","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2160920329","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163644476","https://openalex.org/W2173361515","https://openalex.org/W2293453011","https://openalex.org/W2303127372","https://openalex.org/W2396412769","https://openalex.org/W2472819217","https://openalex.org/W2530887700","https://openalex.org/W2559094423","https://openalex.org/W2588135001","https://openalex.org/W2605073321","https://openalex.org/W2612290545","https://openalex.org/W2735810033","https://openalex.org/W2767413674","https://openalex.org/W2782358642","https://openalex.org/W2787760162","https://openalex.org/W2788574423","https://openalex.org/W2792805964","https://openalex.org/W2802494201","https://openalex.org/W2807992610","https://openalex.org/W2808856341","https://openalex.org/W2809263292","https://openalex.org/W2907522802","https://openalex.org/W2907694604","https://openalex.org/W2907913484","https://openalex.org/W2918703174","https://openalex.org/W2923450833","https://openalex.org/W2951008357","https://openalex.org/W2962825837","https://openalex.org/W2962975498","https://openalex.org/W2963579811","https://openalex.org/W2964091467","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W4230150613","https://openalex.org/W4240768087","https://openalex.org/W4249332350","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6621483976","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6632125073","https://openalex.org/W6632458873","https://openalex.org/W6638318767","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6679713772","https://openalex.org/W6679844565","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685536428","https://openalex.org/W6697449767","https://openalex.org/W6712357688","https://openalex.org/W6720057410","https://openalex.org/W6748409185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115308562","https://openalex.org/W2789571330","https://openalex.org/W4299652732","https://openalex.org/W2963744171","https://openalex.org/W2133304975","https://openalex.org/W2362901774","https://openalex.org/W4248091533","https://openalex.org/W1515178292","https://openalex.org/W1582777578","https://openalex.org/W2942685019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0,184],"offering":[1],"proactive":[2],"services":[3],"(e.g.,":[4,25,75],"personalized":[5],"exercise":[6,78,180,266],"recommendation)":[7],"to":[8,34,48,82,174,212,225,248],"the":[9,18,36,49,59,65,73,118,142,176,193,235,240,269,278,308,320],"students":[10,272],"in":[11,72,103,300,313],"computer":[12],"supported":[13],"intelligent":[14],"education,":[15],"one":[16],"of":[17,38,51,62,67,80,88,95,111,121,145,178,195,271,310,323],"fundamental":[19],"tasks":[20],"is":[21,32,245],"predicting":[22],"student":[23,89,112,314],"performance":[24,90,113,122,315],"scores)":[26],"on":[27,192,218,273,293],"future":[28],"exercises,":[29],"where":[30,168,239],"it":[31,162],"necessary":[33],"track":[35,214],"change":[37],"each":[39,153,179,265],"student's":[40,138,154,215,241],"knowledge":[41,76,96,216,220,236,250,275],"acquisition":[42,97,217],"during":[43,277],"her":[44],"exercising":[45,60,139,279],"activities.":[46],"Unfortunately,":[47],"best":[50],"our":[52],"knowledge,":[53],"existing":[54],"approaches":[55],"can":[56,267],"only":[57],"exploit":[58],"records":[61,140],"students,":[63],"and":[64,91,141,160,206,286,290,303],"problem":[66],"extracting":[68],"rich":[69],"information":[70],"existed":[71],"materials":[74],"concepts,":[77,221],"content)":[79],"exercises":[81],"achieve":[83,117],"both":[84,137,288,301],"more":[85,92],"precise":[86],"prediction":[87,199,316],"interpretable":[93],"analysis":[94],"remains":[98],"underexplored.":[99],"To":[100,115],"this":[101,104],"end,":[102],"paper,":[105],"we":[106,124,150,169,188,222,255,282],"present":[107],"a":[108,127,164,171,249,258,294],"holistic":[109],"study":[110],"prediction.":[114],"directly":[116],"primary":[119],"goal":[120],"prediction,":[123],"first":[125],"propose":[126],"general":[128,302],"Exercise-Enhanced":[129],"Recurrent":[130],"Neural":[131],"Network":[132],"(EERNN)":[133],"framework":[134,232],"by":[135,233],"exploring":[136],"text":[143],"content":[144],"corresponding":[146],"exercises.":[147],"In":[148,253],"EERNN,":[149],"simply":[151],"summarize":[152],"state":[155,243,251],"into":[156],"an":[157,226],"integrated":[158,242],"vector":[159,244],"trace":[161],"with":[163,197,203,208],"recurrent":[165],"neural":[166],"network,":[167],"design":[170,189],"bidirectional":[172],"LSTM":[173],"learn":[175],"encoding":[177],"from":[181],"its":[182],"content.":[183],"making":[185],"final":[186],"predictions,":[187],"two":[190,311],"implementations":[191],"basis":[194],"EERNN":[196,224,289],"different":[198],"strategies,":[200],"i.e.,":[201],"EERNNM":[202],"Markov":[204],"property":[205],"EERNNA":[207],"Attention":[209],"mechanism.":[210],"Then,":[211],"explicitly":[213],"multiple":[219,274],"extend":[223],"explainable":[227],"Exercise-aware":[228],"Knowledge":[229],"Tracing":[230],"(EKT)":[231],"incorporating":[234],"concept":[237],"information,":[238],"now":[246],"extended":[247],"matrix.":[252],"EKT,":[254],"further":[256],"develop":[257],"memory":[259],"network":[260],"for":[261],"quantifying":[262],"how":[263],"much":[264],"affect":[268],"mastery":[270],"concepts":[276],"process.":[280],"Finally,":[281],"conduct":[283],"extensive":[284],"experiments":[285],"evaluate":[287],"EKT":[291],"frameworks":[292,312],"large-scale":[295],"real-world":[296],"data.":[297],"The":[298],"results":[299],"cold-start":[304],"scenarios":[305],"clearly":[306],"demonstrate":[307],"effectiveness":[309],"as":[317,319],"well":[318],"superior":[321],"interpretability":[322],"EKT.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":106},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}