{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2574529824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2017.2651825","title":"Efficient Algorithms for the Identification of Top-$k$ Structural Hole Spanners in Large Social Networks","display_name":"Efficient Algorithms for the Identification of Top-$k$ Structural Hole Spanners in Large Social Networks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2574529824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2017.2651825","mag":"2574529824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2017.2651825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2017.2651825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079727396","display_name":"Wenzheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8396-6825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenzheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102103130","display_name":"Mojtaba Rezvani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mojtaba Rezvani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077465517","display_name":"Weifa Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8207-6740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifa Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075642293","display_name":"Jeffrey Xu Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-827X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Xu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028546502","display_name":"Chengfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-1389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079727396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2967,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92221127,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"5","first_page":"1017","last_page":"1030"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.786880612373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.654068112373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-holes","display_name":"Structural holes","score":0.6053717136383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5583838820457458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5246995687484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-marketing","display_name":"Viral marketing","score":0.5108892321586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.4795784056186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4559439420700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4059826731681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12375113368034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11781695485115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-capital","display_name":"Social capital","score":0.11028653383255005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.786880612373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.654068112373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778727218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22909122","display_name":"Structural holes","level":3,"score":0.6053717136383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5583838820457458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5246995687484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187008535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204255","display_name":"Viral marketing","level":3,"score":0.5108892321586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.4795784056186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4559439420700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4059826731681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12375113368034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11781695485115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68062652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693","display_name":"Social capital","level":2,"score":0.11028653383255005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2017.2651825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2017.2651825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/237285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/237285/3/01_Xu_Efficient_Algorithms_for_the_2017.pdf.jpg","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/126950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/126950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchbank.swinburne.edu.au:d5f220de-e927-43fb-af90-47f9ee225a9b/1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/436265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401157","display_name":"Swinburne Research Bank (Swinburne University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","host_organization_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 29, no. 5 (May 2017), pp. 1017-1030","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1898924389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299778760","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP120102627","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122652761","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W1876468466","https://openalex.org/W1967006938","https://openalex.org/W1971421925","https://openalex.org/W1982121405","https://openalex.org/W1983321303","https://openalex.org/W1992887414","https://openalex.org/W1996518341","https://openalex.org/W2002779084","https://openalex.org/W2020863379","https://openalex.org/W2022704179","https://openalex.org/W2022867359","https://openalex.org/W2035165116","https://openalex.org/W2046989790","https://openalex.org/W2054476043","https://openalex.org/W2061820396","https://openalex.org/W2085739199","https://openalex.org/W2086254934","https://openalex.org/W2087765149","https://openalex.org/W2103314753","https://openalex.org/W2132801025","https://openalex.org/W2139297408","https://openalex.org/W2139610344","https://openalex.org/W2146465995","https://openalex.org/W2156020699","https://openalex.org/W2160411082","https://openalex.org/W2200568848","https://openalex.org/W2308925639","https://openalex.org/W2319561871","https://openalex.org/W2368841069","https://openalex.org/W2912146852","https://openalex.org/W2963653644","https://openalex.org/W4246219036","https://openalex.org/W6639055396","https://openalex.org/W6639357180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386893809","https://openalex.org/W2806516768","https://openalex.org/W2998073084","https://openalex.org/W2124292988","https://openalex.org/W2185145271","https://openalex.org/W2047261999","https://openalex.org/W2096241436","https://openalex.org/W4388292461","https://openalex.org/W4386560816","https://openalex.org/W2005213224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"studies":[1],"show":[2],"that":[3,153,226],"individuals":[4,21],"in":[5,51,96,192,257],"a":[6,97,118],"social":[7,99,194,260],"network":[8,100],"can":[9,154,230],"be":[10],"divided":[11],"into":[12],"different":[13,24],"groups":[14],"of":[15,66,125,173,182,189,205,214,234,266],"densely":[16],"connected":[17],"communities,":[18,25],"and":[19,40,85,176,186,209,239],"these":[20],"who":[22],"bridge":[23],"referred":[26],"to":[27,35,74,78,87,93,121,137,201,210],"as":[28,56,159,161],"structural":[29,82,111,126,132,235,241],"hole":[30,47,83,112,127,133,236,242],"spanners,":[31],"have":[32],"great":[33],"potential":[34],"acquire":[36],"resources/information":[37],"from":[38,43],"communities":[39],"thus":[41],"benefit":[42],"the":[44,81,109,123,131,164,174,180,203,206,212,215,227,232,240,246,263,267],"access.":[45],"Structural":[46],"spanners":[48,84,128,237,243],"are":[49,101,167,249,270],"crucial":[50],"many":[52],"real":[53,193,219],"applications":[54],"such":[55],"community":[57],"detections,":[58],"diffusion":[59],"controls,":[60],"viral":[61],"marketing,":[62],"etc.":[63],"In":[64,104],"spite":[65],"their":[67],"importance,":[68],"little":[69],"attention":[70],"has":[71],"been":[72],"paid":[73],"them.":[75],"Particularly,":[76],"how":[77,86],"accurately":[79],"characterize":[80],"devise":[88,142],"efficient":[89,144],"yet":[90,145],"scalable":[91,146],"algorithms":[92,217,248,256,269],"find":[94],"them":[95],"large":[98],"fundamental":[102],"issues.":[103],"this":[105],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,140],"study":[108],"top-k":[110],"spanner":[113,134],"problem.":[114],"We":[115,196],"first":[116],"provide":[117],"novel":[119],"model":[120,229],"measure":[122],"quality":[124],"through":[129],"exploiting":[130],"properties.":[135],"Due":[136],"its":[138],"NP-hardness,":[139],"then":[141],"two":[143],"algorithms,":[147],"by":[148,245,254],"developing":[149],"innovative":[150],"filtering":[151],"techniques":[152,166],"filter":[155],"out":[156],"unlikely":[157],"solutions":[158],"quickly":[160],"possible,":[162],"while":[163,262],"proposed":[165,207,216,228,247,268],"built":[168],"up":[169],"on":[170,179],"fast":[171],"estimations":[172],"upper":[175],"lower":[177],"bounds":[178],"cost":[181],"an":[183],"optimal":[184],"solution":[185],"make":[187],"use":[188],"articulation":[190],"points":[191],"networks.":[195],"finally":[197],"conduct":[198],"extensive":[199],"experiments":[200],"validate":[202],"effectiveness":[204],"model,":[208],"evaluate":[211],"performance":[213],"using":[218],"world":[220],"datasets.":[221],"The":[222],"experimental":[223],"results":[224],"demonstrate":[225],"capture":[231],"characteristics":[233],"accurately,":[238],"found":[244],"much":[250],"better":[251],"than":[252],"those":[253],"existing":[255],"all":[258],"considered":[259],"networks,":[261],"running":[264],"times":[265],"very":[271],"fast.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}