{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2313526220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2016.2515579","title":"Efficient and Exact Local Search for Random Walk Based Top-K Proximity Query in Large Graphs","display_name":"Efficient and Exact Local Search for Random Walk Based Top-K Proximity Query in Large Graphs","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2313526220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2016.2515579","mag":"2313526220","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30867621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2016.2515579","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2016.2515579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6411071","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058183240","display_name":"Yubao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-8508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yubao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103270436","display_name":"Ruoming Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1895-4243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoming Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240","Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368930","display_name":"Xiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9025-414X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058183240"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.39617418,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92108606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"5","first_page":"1160","last_page":"1174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10374","display_name":"Advanced Graph Theory Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.703653872013092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5240169763565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5133137106895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5126708745956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flos","display_name":"Flos","score":0.5091668963432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4973893463611603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-walk","display_name":"Random walk","score":0.47740188241004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4707487225532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonic-function","display_name":"Monotonic function","score":0.4498617947101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.40961673855781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3380553722381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.33732739090919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26132044196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.21239438652992249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.703653872013092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5240169763565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5133137106895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5126708745956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778711105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1767381","display_name":"Flos","level":4,"score":0.5091668963432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4973893463611603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121194460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856741","display_name":"Random walk","level":2,"score":0.47740188241004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4707487225532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.4498617947101593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.40961673855781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3380553722381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.33732739090919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26132044196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.21239438652992249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775963812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407857","display_name":"Rutin","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2016.2515579","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2016.2515579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30867621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30867621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5396515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6411071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6411071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6411071","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6411071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6411071","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1754905729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PGS0218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337466","funder_display_name":"Office of Strategic Coordination"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3060565130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1162374","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3337679306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01GM103309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4411325223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1218036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4810110577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-0953950","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337466","display_name":"Office of Strategic Coordination","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3wq066"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21073154","https://openalex.org/W318444610","https://openalex.org/W1482680420","https://openalex.org/W1487444668","https://openalex.org/W1506342804","https://openalex.org/W1548613224","https://openalex.org/W1552320683","https://openalex.org/W1730631237","https://openalex.org/W1972714715","https://openalex.org/W1981760490","https://openalex.org/W1994024161","https://openalex.org/W1996390256","https://openalex.org/W1997922049","https://openalex.org/W2026417691","https://openalex.org/W2039191721","https://openalex.org/W2049028959","https://openalex.org/W2057958327","https://openalex.org/W2063943022","https://openalex.org/W2069153192","https://openalex.org/W2072501842","https://openalex.org/W2080263564","https://openalex.org/W2084480549","https://openalex.org/W2091945082","https://openalex.org/W2105015213","https://openalex.org/W2109195186","https://openalex.org/W2117831564","https://openalex.org/W2126124689","https://openalex.org/W2133299088","https://openalex.org/W2153190022","https://openalex.org/W2167538692","https://openalex.org/W2185981375","https://openalex.org/W2603834791","https://openalex.org/W2963165998","https://openalex.org/W3143219376","https://openalex.org/W4241669766","https://openalex.org/W4301621763","https://openalex.org/W6637667603","https://openalex.org/W6649834691","https://openalex.org/W6671596635","https://openalex.org/W6675350928","https://openalex.org/W6736255257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368177724","https://openalex.org/W4206242714","https://openalex.org/W3029898739","https://openalex.org/W3024776320","https://openalex.org/W2383027812","https://openalex.org/W2388433525","https://openalex.org/W2377001518","https://openalex.org/W2390305794","https://openalex.org/W2358107854","https://openalex.org/W1518808064"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Top-<i>k</i>":[0],"proximity":[1,27,64,87,99,130,142],"query":[2,65],"in":[3,66],"large":[4,40,67,172],"graphs":[5,41,173],"is":[6,42,90],"a":[7,11,43,82],"fundamental":[8],"problem":[9],"with":[10],"wide":[12],"range":[13],"of":[14,73,84,98,180],"applications.":[15],"Various":[16],"random":[17],"walk":[18],"based":[19,91],"measures":[20,33,105,154],"have":[21,106],"been":[22],"proposed":[23,182],"to":[24,81,117,139,153,174],"measure":[25],"the":[26,71,74,93,129,140,176,181],"between":[28],"different":[29,162],"nodes.":[30],"Although":[31],"these":[32],"are":[34,147],"effective,":[35],"efficiently":[36],"computing":[37],"them":[38],"on":[39,92,128,168],"challenging":[44],"task.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47,111],"paper,":[48],"we":[49,113],"develop":[50,122],"an":[51],"efficient":[52],"and":[53,121,125,134,170,178],"exact":[54,141],"local":[55,95,108,156],"search":[56],"method,":[57],"FLoS":[58,69,89,152],"(Fast":[59],"Local":[60],"Search),":[61],"for":[62],"top-<i>k</i>":[63],"graphs.":[68],"guarantees":[70],"exactness":[72],"solution.":[75],"Moreover,":[76],"it":[77],"can":[78],"be":[79],"applied":[80],"variety":[83],"commonly":[85],"used":[86],"measures.":[88,100,163],"<i>no":[94],"optimum</i>":[96],"property":[97],"We":[101,149,164],"show":[102],"that":[103],"many":[104],"no":[107],"optimum.":[109],"Utilizing":[110],"property,":[112],"introduce":[114],"several":[115],"operations":[116],"manipulate":[118],"transition":[119],"probabilities":[120],"tight":[123],"lower":[124,133],"upper":[126,135],"bounds":[127,136],"values.":[131],"The":[132],"monotonically":[137],"converge":[138],"value":[143],"when":[144],"more":[145],"nodes":[146],"visited.":[148],"further":[150],"extend":[151],"having":[155],"optimum":[157],"by":[158],"utilizing":[159],"relationship":[160],"among":[161],"perform":[165],"comprehensive":[166],"experiments":[167],"real":[169],"synthetic":[171],"evaluate":[175],"efficiency":[177],"effectiveness":[179],"method.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}