{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2240204456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2015.2477296","title":"Online Multi-Modal Distance Metric Learning with Application to Image Retrieval","display_name":"Online Multi-Modal Distance Metric Learning with Application to Image Retrieval","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2240204456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2015.2477296","mag":"2240204456"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2015.2477296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2015.2477296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4203","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009684691","display_name":"Pengcheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-2060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore.#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074834854","display_name":"Steven C. H. Hoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-3453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven C. H. Hoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore.#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015991234","display_name":"Peilin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8543-3953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peilin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Analytics Department, Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore","Data Analytics Department, Institute for Infocomm Research, A\u2217STAR, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics Department, Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics Department, Institute for Infocomm Research, A\u2217STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382077","display_name":"Chunyan Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-3448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyan Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022647005","display_name":"Zhiyong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9675-1233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi-Yong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Lab of Management and Control for Complex System, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab of Management and Control for Complex System, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009684691"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4283,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97179306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"454","last_page":"467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.7425994873046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7332056760787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7278279066085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6740429401397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5830570459365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5743374228477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5698858499526978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.538101315498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.5000157356262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric-space","display_name":"Metric space","score":0.4388899505138397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.42890721559524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36167648434638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2739816904067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.168461412191391}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7425994873046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7332056760787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7278279066085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6740429401397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5830570459365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5743374228477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5698858499526978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.538101315498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.5000157356262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198043062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180953","display_name":"Metric space","level":2,"score":0.4388899505138397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.42890721559524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36167648434638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2739816904067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.168461412191391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2015.2477296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2015.2477296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3333&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2502081.2502112","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/2924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2015.2477296","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-5206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2015.2477296","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-5206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2015.2477296","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321026","display_name":"Ministry of Earth Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/013cf5k59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325434","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328656","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W401096764","https://openalex.org/W1497960466","https://openalex.org/W1532499126","https://openalex.org/W1537838346","https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W1603881463","https://openalex.org/W1709057194","https://openalex.org/W1733921475","https://openalex.org/W1966771059","https://openalex.org/W1969241115","https://openalex.org/W1972112592","https://openalex.org/W1976921161","https://openalex.org/W1984309565","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W1989085630","https://openalex.org/W2024430963","https://openalex.org/W2036718463","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2056277442","https://openalex.org/W2077723394","https://openalex.org/W2088548213","https://openalex.org/W2095569536","https://openalex.org/W2097645432","https://openalex.org/W2100476178","https://openalex.org/W2100799972","https://openalex.org/W2102486516","https://openalex.org/W2103658758","https://openalex.org/W2104752854","https://openalex.org/W2106053110","https://openalex.org/W2106887613","https://openalex.org/W2107407880","https://openalex.org/W2107925163","https://openalex.org/W2108588392","https://openalex.org/W2113307832","https://openalex.org/W2116596942","https://openalex.org/W2116731705","https://openalex.org/W2118509786","https://openalex.org/W2118979615","https://openalex.org/W2119393863","https://openalex.org/W2119879986","https://openalex.org/W2122537498","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2125148312","https://openalex.org/W2127921742","https://openalex.org/W2130556178","https://openalex.org/W2130660124","https://openalex.org/W2132087961","https://openalex.org/W2133126147","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2137736727","https://openalex.org/W2143668817","https://openalex.org/W2144438956","https://openalex.org/W2144935315","https://openalex.org/W2145234365","https://openalex.org/W2147069236","https://openalex.org/W2148825261","https://openalex.org/W2151483828","https://openalex.org/W2152161678","https://openalex.org/W2159583439","https://openalex.org/W2160218441","https://openalex.org/W2162657934","https://openalex.org/W2162867699","https://openalex.org/W2913932916","https://openalex.org/W3009009611","https://openalex.org/W4241361942","https://openalex.org/W4292022450","https://openalex.org/W6613836571","https://openalex.org/W6629823275","https://openalex.org/W6631637103","https://openalex.org/W6634343353","https://openalex.org/W6637540137","https://openalex.org/W6674792095","https://openalex.org/W6675655370","https://openalex.org/W6675672627","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6676931166","https://openalex.org/W6677205618","https://openalex.org/W6677791301","https://openalex.org/W6680962578","https://openalex.org/W6681427677","https://openalex.org/W6681723013","https://openalex.org/W6682470622","https://openalex.org/W6683584131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373577936","https://openalex.org/W4221148444","https://openalex.org/W4387678054","https://openalex.org/W2389596151","https://openalex.org/W3095575180","https://openalex.org/W4306784355","https://openalex.org/W2169308097","https://openalex.org/W3091984855","https://openalex.org/W2150768546","https://openalex.org/W1971646133"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distance":[0],"metric":[1,34,87,120,138],"learning":[2,28,84,121,129,193],"(DML)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5],"important":[6],"technique":[7],"to":[8,78,134,149,199],"improve":[9],"similarity":[10],"search":[11],"in":[12,73,108,211],"content-based":[13],"image":[14,209],"retrieval.":[15],"Despite":[16],"being":[17],"studied":[18],"extensively,":[19],"most":[20],"existing":[21],"DML":[22,56,75,166],"approaches":[23],"typically":[24],"adopt":[25],"a":[26,37,42,85,113,125,136,173],"single-modal":[27,55],"framework":[29],"that":[30],"learns":[31,133,148],"the":[32,71,74,89,99,151,162,182,201,204,216,219],"distance":[33,86,119,137],"on":[35,88,139,167],"either":[36],"single":[38],"feature":[39,44,80,92,101,142,169],"type":[40,65],"or":[41,190],"combined":[43,90],"space":[45,93],"where":[46],"multiple":[47],"types":[48,156],"of":[49,66,116,154,157,165,203,218],"features":[50,67],"are":[51],"simply":[52],"concatenated.":[53],"Such":[54],"methods":[57],"suffer":[58],"from":[59],"some":[60,64],"critical":[61],"limitations:":[62],"(i)":[63,131],"may":[68],"significantly":[69,180],"dominate":[70],"others":[72],"task":[76],"due":[77],"diverse":[79,155],"representations;":[81],"and":[82,144],"(ii)":[83,145],"high-dimensional":[91,168],"can":[94],"be":[95],"extremely":[96],"time-consuming":[97],"using":[98],"naive":[100],"concatenation":[102],"approach.":[103],"To":[104,159],"address":[105],"these":[106],"limitations,":[107],"this":[109],"paper,":[110],"we":[111,171],"investigate":[112],"novel":[114],"scheme":[115],"online":[117,128],"multi-modal":[118,208],"(OMDML),":[122],"which":[123,177,212],"explores":[124],"unified":[126],"two-level":[127],"scheme:":[130],"it":[132,147],"optimize":[135],"each":[140],"individual":[141],"space;":[143],"then":[146],"find":[150],"optimal":[152],"combination":[153],"features.":[158],"further":[160],"reduce":[161],"expensive":[163],"cost":[164,184],"space,":[170],"propose":[172],"low-rank":[174],"OMDML":[175],"algorithm":[176],"not":[178],"only":[179],"reduces":[181],"computational":[183],"but":[185],"also":[186],"retains":[187],"highly":[188],"competing":[189],"even":[191],"better":[192],"accuracy.":[194],"We":[195],"conduct":[196],"extensive":[197],"experiments":[198],"evaluate":[200],"performance":[202],"proposed":[205,220],"algorithms":[206],"for":[207],"retrieval,":[210],"encouraging":[213],"results":[214],"validate":[215],"effectiveness":[217],"technique.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}