{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068080587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2014.2349911","title":"RRW\u2014A Robust and Reversible Watermarking Technique for Relational Data","display_name":"RRW\u2014A Robust and Reversible Watermarking Technique for Relational Data","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068080587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2014.2349911","mag":"2068080587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2014.2349911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2014.2349911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016606411","display_name":"Saman Iftikhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110357561","display_name":"University of the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/048gmay44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saman Iftikhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014191046","display_name":"Muhammad Kamran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-5688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Kamran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cantt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cantt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033269031","display_name":"Zahid Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110357561","display_name":"University of the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/048gmay44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016606411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561","https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7237,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9247454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"4","first_page":"1132","last_page":"1145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.945609450340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8409589529037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8381685614585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.6776658892631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5845720767974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5091564059257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.46527335047721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"Data quality","score":0.4638059139251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2426573634147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18530625104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.08915159106254578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.945609450340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8409589529037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8381685614585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.6776658892631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5845720767974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5091564059257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.46527335047721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.4638059139251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2426573634147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18530625104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.08915159106254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2014.2349911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2014.2349911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116060691","https://openalex.org/W1514631711","https://openalex.org/W1541501294","https://openalex.org/W1556911442","https://openalex.org/W1568204688","https://openalex.org/W1571801389","https://openalex.org/W1970101292","https://openalex.org/W1974641035","https://openalex.org/W1980864923","https://openalex.org/W1993997797","https://openalex.org/W2001897902","https://openalex.org/W2010751615","https://openalex.org/W2026297770","https://openalex.org/W2029408932","https://openalex.org/W2041239358","https://openalex.org/W2060971784","https://openalex.org/W2079439669","https://openalex.org/W2083992397","https://openalex.org/W2097571405","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2103459202","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2118375353","https://openalex.org/W2122014146","https://openalex.org/W2132843320","https://openalex.org/W2133531446","https://openalex.org/W2142871496","https://openalex.org/W2143965196","https://openalex.org/W2144088652","https://openalex.org/W2145800442","https://openalex.org/W2147654286","https://openalex.org/W2315187203","https://openalex.org/W2320438893","https://openalex.org/W2611745365","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3147694637","https://openalex.org/W4236213393","https://openalex.org/W4243694527","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6604723073","https://openalex.org/W6634245194","https://openalex.org/W6646682556","https://openalex.org/W6680095392","https://openalex.org/W6681116572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288","https://openalex.org/W2183032046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advancement":[0],"in":[1,9,23,124,148,156],"information":[2,13,27],"technology":[3],"is":[4,43,87,130],"playing":[5],"an":[6],"increasing":[7],"role":[8,123,143],"the":[10,69,80,142,146,157,183,189,199],"use":[11],"of":[12,78,144,159,191],"systems":[14],"comprising":[15],"relational":[16,51,176],"databases.":[17],"These":[18],"databases":[19],"are":[20,31,65,99],"used":[21],"effectively":[22],"collaborative":[24],"environments":[25],"for":[26,54,58,141,174],"extraction;":[28],"consequently,":[29],"they":[30],"vulnerable":[32],"to":[33,45,89,112],"security":[34],"threats":[35],"concerning":[36],"ownership":[37,47,63],"rights":[38,48,64],"and":[39,53,106,137,168,196],"data":[40,52,60,71,81,91,94,154,177],"tampering.":[41,61],"Watermarking":[42],"advocated":[44],"enforce":[46],"over":[49],"shared":[50],"providing":[55],"a":[56,76,115,166],"means":[57],"tackling":[59],"When":[62],"enforced":[66],"using":[67],"watermarking,":[68],"underlying":[70],"undergoes":[72],"certain":[73],"modifications;":[74],"as":[75],"result":[77],"which,":[79],"quality":[82,92],"gets":[83],"compromised.":[84],"Reversible":[85],"watermarking":[86,129,171],"employed":[88],"ensure":[90],"along-with":[93],"recovery.":[95],"However,":[96],"such":[97],"techniques":[98],"usually":[100],"not":[101,108],"robust":[102,167],"against":[103,193],"malicious":[104,161,194],"attacks":[105,195],"do":[107],"provide":[109],"any":[110],"mechanism":[111],"selectively":[113],"watermark":[114,135],"particular":[116],"attribute":[117],"by":[118,139],"taking":[119],"into":[120],"account":[121],"its":[122],"knowledge":[125,149],"discovery.":[126],"Therefore,":[127],"reversible":[128,170],"required":[131],"that":[132,181,198],"ensures;":[133],"(i)":[134],"encoding":[136],"decoding":[138],"accounting":[140],"all":[145],"features":[147],"discovery;":[150],"and,":[151],"(ii)":[152],"original":[153],"recovery":[155],"presence":[158],"active":[160],"attacks.":[162],"In":[163],"this":[164],"paper,":[165],"semi-blind":[169],"(RRW)":[172],"technique":[173,201],"numerical":[175],"has":[178],"been":[179],"proposed":[180,200],"addresses":[182],"above":[184],"objectives.":[185],"Experimental":[186],"studies":[187],"prove":[188],"effectiveness":[190],"RRW":[192],"show":[197],"outperforms":[202],"existing":[203],"ones.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}