{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044261056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2003.1209012","title":"External sorting: Run formation revisited","display_name":"External sorting: Run formation revisited","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044261056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2003.1209012","mag":"2044261056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2003.1209012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2003.1209012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109039470","display_name":"Per-\u00c5ke Larson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36253440","display_name":"IEEE Computer Society","ror":"https://ror.org/05nxk6n24","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36253440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P.-A. Larson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA","IEEE Computer Society#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IEEE Computer Society#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36253440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109039470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I36253440"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72521977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"961","last_page":"972"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quicksort","display_name":"Quicksort","score":0.9151293039321899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8264707922935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6849591732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.6082991361618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge-sort","display_name":"Merge sort","score":0.589972198009491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting-algorithm","display_name":"Sorting algorithm","score":0.5890797972679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.559729814529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.5163484811782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5017542839050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4818924069404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge-algorithm","display_name":"Merge algorithm","score":0.46849068999290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.4135285019874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-algorithm","display_name":"Selection algorithm","score":0.4126240015029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.26744702458381653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18916887044906616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778937211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486598","display_name":"Quicksort","level":4,"score":0.9151293039321899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8264707922935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6849591732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.6082991361618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35555965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189057","display_name":"Merge sort","level":4,"score":0.589972198009491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108094655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181593","display_name":"Sorting algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5890797972679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.559729814529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.5163484811782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5017542839050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4818924069404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140086265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11341754","display_name":"Merge algorithm","level":4,"score":0.46849068999290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.4135285019874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4126240015029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.26744702458381653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18916887044906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2003.1209012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2003.1209012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33071294","https://openalex.org/W1517530177","https://openalex.org/W1527643973","https://openalex.org/W2002560134","https://openalex.org/W2011585933","https://openalex.org/W2028081332","https://openalex.org/W2029131452","https://openalex.org/W2029849129","https://openalex.org/W2032593616","https://openalex.org/W2056014488","https://openalex.org/W2066823629","https://openalex.org/W2096428277","https://openalex.org/W2117480147","https://openalex.org/W2126520469","https://openalex.org/W2127620007","https://openalex.org/W2168329627","https://openalex.org/W2169998418","https://openalex.org/W2752853835","https://openalex.org/W2776089907","https://openalex.org/W4243671184","https://openalex.org/W4248739752","https://openalex.org/W6630915198","https://openalex.org/W6631608712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320925713","https://openalex.org/W2765396134","https://openalex.org/W1493296159","https://openalex.org/W2093482277","https://openalex.org/W3029541804","https://openalex.org/W3150444501","https://openalex.org/W2240806428","https://openalex.org/W2575539670","https://openalex.org/W4300167273","https://openalex.org/W2057245959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"External":[0],"mergesort":[1],"begins":[2],"with":[3,33,126],"a":[4,19,43,87],"run":[5,44,129],"formation":[6,14,130],"phase":[7],"creating":[8],"the":[9,40,73,105,118,201,205,208,214],"initial":[10],"sorted":[11],"runs.":[12,120],"Run":[13],"can":[15],"be":[16],"done":[17],"by":[18,23,162,169],"load-sort-store":[20,27,52],"algorithm":[21,28,75,101],"or":[22],"replacement":[24,85,91,133,143,150],"selection.":[25,151],"A":[26],"repeatedly":[29],"fills":[30],"available":[31],"memory":[32],"input":[34],"records,":[35],"sorts":[36],"them,":[37],"and":[38,54,58,72,113,136,166,193],"writes":[39],"result":[41],"to":[42,116],"file.":[45],"Replacement":[46,186],"selection":[47,92,144,187],"produces":[48,188],"longer":[49],"runs":[50,112,190],"than":[51,148,177,191],"algorithms":[53],"completely":[55],"overlaps":[56],"sorting":[57],"I/O,":[59],"but":[60,179],"it":[61,108,180],"has":[62],"poor":[63],"locality":[64],"of":[65,90,216],"reference":[66],"resulting":[67],"in":[68,104],"frequent":[69],"cache":[70],"misses":[71],"classical":[74,132],"works":[76,94],"only":[77],"for":[78,96],"fixed-length":[79],"records.":[80,98],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"introduces":[83],"batched":[84,142],"selection:":[86],"cache-conscious":[88],"version":[89],"that":[93,107,141,198],"also":[95,174],"variable-length":[97],"The":[99,138,195],"new":[100],"resembles":[102],"AlphaSort":[103],"sense":[106],"creates":[109],"small":[110,153],"in-memory":[111],"merges":[114],"them":[115],"form":[117],"output":[119],"Its":[121],"performance":[122],"is":[123,145],"experimentally":[124],"compared":[125],"three":[127],"other":[128],"algorithms:":[131],"selection,":[134],"Quicksort,":[135,178],"AlphaSort.":[137,185,194],"experiments":[139,196],"show":[140],"considerably":[146],"faster":[147,176],"classic":[149],"For":[152],"records":[154],"(average":[155],"100":[156],"bytes),":[157],"CPU":[158],"time":[159,168,203,211],"was":[160,173],"reduced":[161],"about":[163],"50":[164],"percent":[165],"elapsed":[167],"47-63":[170],"percent.":[171],"It":[172],"consistently":[175],"did":[181],"not":[182],"always":[183],"outperform":[184],"fewer":[189],"Quicksort":[192],"confirmed":[197],"this":[199],"reduces":[200],"merge":[202],"whereas":[204],"effect":[206],"on":[207,213],"overall":[209],"sort":[210],"depends":[212],"number":[215],"disks":[217],"available.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}