{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400679365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3428696","title":"RTNH+: Enhanced 4D Radar Object Detection Network Using Two-Level Preprocessing and Vertical Encoding","display_name":"RTNH+: Enhanced 4D Radar Object Detection Network Using Two-Level Preprocessing and Vertical Encoding","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400679365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3428696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2024.3428696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3428696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073091471","display_name":"Seung-Hyun Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4753-1998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Hyun Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4753-1998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007043388","display_name":"Dong-Hee Paek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-3726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Hee Paek","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-3726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075556695","display_name":"Sangyeong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2909-0172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangyeong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2909-0172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71292103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"1427","last_page":"1440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7373884916305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6398839950561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6355193853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5291203260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4973028004169464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4345030188560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-detection","display_name":"Radar detection","score":0.42559894919395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35014116764068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3304526209831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.24345973134040833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16854387521743774}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7373884916305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6398839950561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6355193853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5291203260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4973028004169464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4345030188560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989048297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930654","display_name":"Radar detection","level":3,"score":0.42559894919395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35014116764068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3304526209831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.24345973134040833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16854387521743774}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2024.3428696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3428696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4709095505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2C3 008370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1935978687","https://openalex.org/W2113563730","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2156019871","https://openalex.org/W2543494894","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W3034314779","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3040360205","https://openalex.org/W3109395584","https://openalex.org/W3196353720","https://openalex.org/W3208941688","https://openalex.org/W4210674219","https://openalex.org/W4226345352","https://openalex.org/W4292829054","https://openalex.org/W4308080461","https://openalex.org/W4378696925","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385302159","https://openalex.org/W4387245323","https://openalex.org/W4387448642","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6771922894","https://openalex.org/W6797589674","https://openalex.org/W6845720290","https://openalex.org/W6853124194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397288865","https://openalex.org/W2368524271","https://openalex.org/W2363683226","https://openalex.org/W1996703098","https://openalex.org/W2380354860","https://openalex.org/W2048524019","https://openalex.org/W2362516259","https://openalex.org/W2066514088","https://openalex.org/W2356608920","https://openalex.org/W2364970515"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Four-dimensional":[0],"(4D)":[1],"Radar":[2,21,67,95,110],"is":[3,33,59,80,120],"a":[4,37,65],"useful":[5],"sensor":[6],"for":[7],"the":[8,46,81,92,105,108,121,132,136,143],"detection":[9,48,69,115],"of":[10,63,107,131,142,153],"surrounding":[11,133],"three-dimensional":[12],"(3D)":[13],"objects":[14,134],"under":[15],"various":[16],"weather":[17],"conditions.":[18],"However,":[19],"since":[20],"measurements":[22,44,96,111],"could":[23],"be":[24],"corrupted":[25],"by":[26],"noise,":[27],"interference,":[28],"multipath,":[29],"and":[30,112,145],"clutter,":[31],"it":[32],"necessary":[34],"to":[35,40],"employ":[36],"preprocessing":[38,83],"algorithm":[39,79,85,125],"filter":[41],"out":[42],"invalid":[43],"before":[45],"object":[47,68,114],"with":[49],"neural":[50],"networks.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"RTNH+":[57,144,148],"that":[58,86,126,147],"an":[60],"enhanced":[61],"version":[62],"RTNH,":[64],"4D":[66,94,109],"network,":[70],"based":[71],"on":[72],"two":[73,88,102],"novel":[74],"proposed":[75],"algorithms.":[76],"The":[77,101,118],"first":[78],"two-level":[82],"(TLP)":[84],"produces":[87],"measurement":[89],"outputs":[90,103],"from":[91],"same":[93],"at":[97],"different":[98],"filtering":[99],"levels.":[100],"enrich":[104],"representation":[106],"enhance":[113],"network":[116],"performance.":[117],"second":[119],"vertical":[122,129],"encoding":[123],"(VE)":[124],"effectively":[127],"encodes":[128],"features":[130],"in":[135],"TLP":[137],"outputs.":[138],"We":[139],"provide":[140],"details":[141],"demonstrate":[146],"achieves":[149],"significant":[150],"performance":[151],"improvement":[152],"10.14%":[154],"in${{AP}_{3D}^{IoU=0.3}}$and":[155],"16.12%":[156],"in${{AP}_{3D}^{IoU=0.5}}$over":[157],"RTNH.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
