{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394585891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3385531","title":"Run-Time Introspection of 2D Object Detection in Automated Driving Systems Using Learning Representations","display_name":"Run-Time Introspection of 2D Object Detection in Automated Driving Systems Using Learning Representations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394585891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3385531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2024.3385531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3385531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010032068","display_name":"Hakan Yekta Yatbaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-8155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hakan Yekta Yatbaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068530392","display_name":"Mehrdad Dianati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5119-4499"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Dianati","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EEECS), Queen&#x0027;s University of Belfast, Belfast, U.K","WMG, University of Warwick, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EEECS), Queen&#x0027;s University of Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018044015","display_name":"Konstantinos Koufos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-2186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Koufos","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005161674","display_name":"Roger Woodman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-9874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Woodman","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010032068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76177844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"6","first_page":"5033","last_page":"5046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9537000060081482,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/introspection","display_name":"Introspection","score":0.9058588743209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6125353574752808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5937231779098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5825496912002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5655403137207031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.550621747970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3217843770980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.27879413962364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24440458416938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.2414948046207428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129671850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210501","display_name":"Introspection","level":2,"score":0.9058588743209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6125353574752808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5937231779098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5825496912002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5655403137207031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.550621747970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3217843770980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27879413962364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24440458416938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2414948046207428}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2024.3385531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2024.3385531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/a349e55f-c633-4056-b944-31f4fd579dc7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/a349e55f-c633-4056-b944-31f4fd579dc7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yatbaz, H Y, Dianati, M, Koufos, K & Woodman, R 2024, 'Run-time introspection of 2D object detection in automated driving systems using learning representations', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 5033-5046. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2024.3385531","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:184585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2024.3385531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8873028478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101069614","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2328067583","https://openalex.org/W2479688935","https://openalex.org/W2602814434","https://openalex.org/W2727431395","https://openalex.org/W2761882052","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963611739","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3090204745","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3103185335","https://openalex.org/W3124311222","https://openalex.org/W3125937743","https://openalex.org/W3159196909","https://openalex.org/W3203885644","https://openalex.org/W3209287468","https://openalex.org/W4200597436","https://openalex.org/W4205492173","https://openalex.org/W4206182795","https://openalex.org/W4214884752","https://openalex.org/W4251427757","https://openalex.org/W4308080241","https://openalex.org/W4309030581","https://openalex.org/W4312640451","https://openalex.org/W4313396233","https://openalex.org/W4386571105","https://openalex.org/W4386918898","https://openalex.org/W4390190561","https://openalex.org/W6784323503","https://openalex.org/W6793560269","https://openalex.org/W6801520783","https://openalex.org/W6843065753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387404794","https://openalex.org/W2380479582","https://openalex.org/W4387405288","https://openalex.org/W4387404506","https://openalex.org/W2084234399","https://openalex.org/W4387405632","https://openalex.org/W2500774003","https://openalex.org/W162955351","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"detection":[1,43,101,145],"of":[2,18,79,116,166,172,206],"various":[3],"objects":[4],"and":[5,102,130,136,152,159,181],"road":[6],"users":[7],"in":[8,26,51,76,146,170,201,210],"the":[9,15,66,77,94,112,117,164,167,190,202,211],"surrounding":[10],"environment":[11],"is":[12,63],"crucial":[13],"for":[14,97,143],"safe":[16],"operation":[17],"automated":[19],"driving":[20],"systems":[21],"(ADS).":[22],"Despite":[23],"recent":[24],"progresses":[25],"developing":[27],"highly":[28],"accurate":[29],"object":[30,100,118,148,154],"detectors":[31,155],"based":[32],"on":[33,157],"Deep":[34],"Neural":[35],"Networks":[36],"(DNNs),":[37],"they":[38],"still":[39],"remain":[40],"prone":[41],"to":[42,48,60,64,176,208],"errors,":[44],"which":[45,91],"can":[46],"lead":[47],"fatal":[49],"consequences":[50],"safety-critical":[52],"applications":[53],"such":[54],"as":[55,72],"ADS.":[56],"An":[57],"effective":[58],"remedy":[59],"this":[61],"problem":[62],"equip":[65],"system":[67],"with":[68],"run-time":[69],"monitoring,":[70],"named":[71],"<italic":[73],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[74],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">introspection</i>":[75],"context":[78],"autonomous":[80],"systems.":[81],"Motivated":[82],"by":[83],"this,":[84],"we":[85,133],"introduce":[86],"a":[87],"novel":[88],"introspection":[89,141,192],"solution,":[90],"operates":[92],"at":[93],"frame":[95],"level":[96],"DNN-based":[98],"2D":[99,147],"leverages":[103],"neural":[104,113],"network":[105],"activation":[106,114],"patterns.":[107],"The":[108],"proposed":[109,168,191],"approach":[110],"pre-processes":[111],"patterns":[115],"detector's":[119],"backbone":[120],"using":[121,150],"several":[122,138],"different":[123],"modes.":[124],"To":[125],"provide":[126],"extensive":[127],"comparative":[128],"analysis":[129],"fair":[131],"comparison,":[132],"also":[134],"adapt":[135],"implement":[137],"state-of-the-art":[139],"(SOTA)":[140],"mechanisms":[142],"error":[144,173,204],"detection,":[149,174],"one-stage":[151],"two-stage":[153],"evaluated":[156],"KITTI":[158],"BDD":[160,212],"datasets.":[161],"We":[162],"compare":[163],"performance":[165,186],"solution":[169,193],"terms":[171],"adaptability":[175],"dataset":[177],"shift,":[178],"and,":[179],"computational":[180],"memory":[182],"resource":[183],"requirements.":[184],"Our":[185],"evaluation":[187],"shows":[188],"that":[189],"outperforms":[194],"SOTA":[195],"methods,":[196],"achieving":[197],"an":[198],"absolute":[199],"reduction":[200],"missed":[203],"ratio":[205],"9%":[207],"17%":[209],"dataset.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
