{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389160200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3337795","title":"Multi-Prototype Guided Source-Free Domain Adaptive Object Detection for Autonomous Driving","display_name":"Multi-Prototype Guided Source-Free Domain Adaptive Object Detection for Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389160200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3337795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2023.3337795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3337795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102895104","display_name":"Siqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3053-8637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3053-8637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101959190","display_name":"Lu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-5300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-5300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101549226","display_name":"Guangsen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-8393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangsen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432320","display_name":"Pengcheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-4950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434504","display_name":"Zhiyong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2148-1846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Nanjing Artificial Intelligence Research of IA, Jiangning District, Nanjing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2148-1846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Artificial Intelligence Research of IA, Jiangning District, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9185,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88624414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"1589","last_page":"1601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.755671501159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.6771832704544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.640764057636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5644823312759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.5563983917236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.528403639793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4867382049560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4577566087245941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.43117645382881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.42688193917274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4220705032348633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4183172285556793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38369542360305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10963019728660583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.755671501159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6771832704544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.640764057636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5644823312759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.5563983917236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.528403639793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4867382049560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4577566087245941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.43117645382881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.42688193917274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4220705032348633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4183172285556793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38369542360305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10963019728660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2023.3337795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3337795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G297044484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206288","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2748021867","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963730616","https://openalex.org/W2964115968","https://openalex.org/W2968634921","https://openalex.org/W2969583814","https://openalex.org/W2979548969","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W3016101116","https://openalex.org/W3034218934","https://openalex.org/W3034779842","https://openalex.org/W3106723659","https://openalex.org/W3109915642","https://openalex.org/W3121281282","https://openalex.org/W3129242782","https://openalex.org/W3166409449","https://openalex.org/W3174017534","https://openalex.org/W3175042385","https://openalex.org/W3176493691","https://openalex.org/W3177192381","https://openalex.org/W3198175382","https://openalex.org/W3201774370","https://openalex.org/W3203098462","https://openalex.org/W3216209923","https://openalex.org/W4223465214","https://openalex.org/W4226379029","https://openalex.org/W4226412070","https://openalex.org/W4246618583","https://openalex.org/W4285216227","https://openalex.org/W4287124998","https://openalex.org/W4288281368","https://openalex.org/W4301802352","https://openalex.org/W4309368547","https://openalex.org/W4311033427","https://openalex.org/W4312092500","https://openalex.org/W4312440658","https://openalex.org/W4312502508","https://openalex.org/W4312993742","https://openalex.org/W4313160574","https://openalex.org/W4313893207","https://openalex.org/W4317038436","https://openalex.org/W4323897056","https://openalex.org/W4365396007","https://openalex.org/W4367301647","https://openalex.org/W4372267014","https://openalex.org/W4382468624","https://openalex.org/W4386066721","https://openalex.org/W4386231664","https://openalex.org/W4387969003","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6687400500","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6745986955","https://openalex.org/W6766313662","https://openalex.org/W6766489549","https://openalex.org/W6801756507","https://openalex.org/W6802028791","https://openalex.org/W6838155648","https://openalex.org/W6838902333","https://openalex.org/W6846091866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381926679","https://openalex.org/W2007009951","https://openalex.org/W2082644203","https://openalex.org/W2350539780","https://openalex.org/W3165040664","https://openalex.org/W4242386713","https://openalex.org/W3122652148","https://openalex.org/W1583866266","https://openalex.org/W2996505764","https://openalex.org/W4299904075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Source-free":[0],"domain":[1,16,21,28,35],"adaptive":[2,131],"object":[3,216],"detection":[4],"(source-free":[5],"DAOD)":[6],"seeks":[7],"to":[8,17,25,54,69,119,139,166,189,218],"adapt":[9],"a":[10,14],"detector":[11,57],"pre-trained":[12],"on":[13,43,58,199],"source":[15,27],"an":[18,84],"unlabeled":[19,59],"target":[20,60,219],"without":[22],"requiring":[23],"access":[24],"annotated":[26],"data.":[29],"To":[30],"address":[31],"challenges":[32],"posed":[33],"by":[34,159],"shifts,":[36],"current":[37],"source-free":[38,88],"DAOD":[39,89],"approaches":[40],"mainly":[41],"rely":[42],"the":[44,56,111,122,142,146,149,161,171,187],"self-training":[45],"paradigm,":[46],"where":[47],"pseudo":[48,78,100,157],"labels":[49,158],"are":[50,134],"predicted":[51],"and":[52,76,103,182,193],"employed":[53],"fine-tune":[55],"domain.":[61],"However,":[62],"these":[63],"methods":[64],"often":[65],"encounter":[66],"issues":[67],"related":[68],"intra-class":[70,125,143],"variation,":[71],"resulting":[72],"in":[73,214],"category-specific":[74,116],"biases":[75],"noisy":[77],"labels.":[79],"In":[80,110,170],"response,":[81],"we":[82,114,153,174],"present":[83],"effective":[85],"Multi-Prototype":[86],"Guided":[87],"method,":[90],"dubbed":[91],"MPG,":[92],"consisting":[93],"of":[94,148,163],"two":[95],"key":[96],"components:":[97],"multi-prototype":[98,104],"guided":[99,105],"labeling":[101],"(MPPL)":[102],"consistency":[106,177,181],"regularization":[107],"(MPCR)":[108],"modules.":[109],"MPPL":[112,151],"module,":[113,152,173],"construct":[115],"multiple":[117,128,167],"prototypes":[118,129],"better":[120],"represent":[121],"category":[123,138,168],"with":[124,130],"variations.":[126,144],"Specifically,":[127],"cluster":[132],"centroids":[133],"introduced":[135],"for":[136],"each":[137],"effectively":[140],"capture":[141],"Through":[145],"implementation":[147],"proposed":[150],"derive":[154],"more":[155],"accurate":[156],"assessing":[160],"proximity":[162],"instance":[164],"features":[165],"prototypes.":[169],"MPCR":[172],"introduce":[175],"multi-level":[176],"regularization,":[178],"including":[179],"prototype-based":[180],"prediction":[183],"consistency,":[184],"which":[185],"encourages":[186],"model":[188],"overlook":[190],"style":[191],"perturbations":[192],"learn":[194],"domain-invariant":[195],"representations.":[196],"Extensive":[197],"experiments":[198],"five":[200],"public":[201],"driving":[202],"datasets":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"that":[205],"MPG":[206],"outperforms":[207],"existing":[208],"state-of-the-art":[209],"methods,":[210],"showcasing":[211],"its":[212],"effectiveness":[213],"adapting":[215],"detectors":[217],"domains.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}