{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386951795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3318368","title":"ARC: Automotive Radar Consistency Regularization for Semi-Supervised Learning","display_name":"ARC: Automotive Radar Consistency Regularization for Semi-Supervised Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386951795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3318368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2023.3318368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3318368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HKNAM8XDNBYXV11EA8D1V24F/file/01HKNAQ3A1D08QM1NSBV2520YV.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088203319","display_name":"Wei\u2010Yu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-6446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39327780","display_name":"iMinds","ror":"https://ror.org/03baec336","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39327780"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Yu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-6446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200","https://openalex.org/I39327780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028474463","display_name":"Ljubomir Jovanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-1116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39327780","display_name":"iMinds","ror":"https://ror.org/03baec336","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39327780"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ljubomir Jovanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-1116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200","https://openalex.org/I39327780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044986626","display_name":"Asli Kumcu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5144-1258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39327780","display_name":"iMinds","ror":"https://ror.org/03baec336","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39327780"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asli Kumcu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5144-1258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200","https://openalex.org/I39327780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071483672","display_name":"Wilfried Philips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-4353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39327780","display_name":"iMinds","ror":"https://ror.org/03baec336","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39327780"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wilfried Philips","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-4353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - IMEC, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200","https://openalex.org/I39327780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELIN-IPI, Ghent University - imec, Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0856,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91123173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"5889","last_page":"5904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9455999732017517,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7251672744750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6881821751594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6755938529968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6135538220405579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5579181909561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5245930552482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.492062509059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43028950691223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3359501361846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32626011967658997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7251672744750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6881821751594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6755938529968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6135538220405579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5579181909561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5245930552482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.492062509059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43028950691223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3359501361846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32626011967658997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2023.3318368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3318368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01HKNAM8XDNBYXV11EA8D1V24F","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01HKNAM8XDNBYXV11EA8D1V24F","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HKNAM8XDNBYXV11EA8D1V24F/file/01HKNAQ3A1D08QM1NSBV2520YV.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2379-8904","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01HKNAM8XDNBYXV11EA8D1V24F","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01HKNAM8XDNBYXV11EA8D1V24F","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HKNAM8XDNBYXV11EA8D1V24F/file/01HKNAQ3A1D08QM1NSBV2520YV.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2379-8904","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4650711970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"876487","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","funder_display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386951795.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386951795.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2431080869","https://openalex.org/W2621357189","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2808139377","https://openalex.org/W2883429621","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2951970475","https://openalex.org/W2953070460","https://openalex.org/W2962369866","https://openalex.org/W2962804657","https://openalex.org/W2962808998","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963956526","https://openalex.org/W2964218010","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2969150035","https://openalex.org/W2970369250","https://openalex.org/W2973595938","https://openalex.org/W2978426779","https://openalex.org/W2979805229","https://openalex.org/W2995042771","https://openalex.org/W2996476754","https://openalex.org/W3001197829","https://openalex.org/W3010503765","https://openalex.org/W3034543232","https://openalex.org/W3035293718","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3036394006","https://openalex.org/W3042611018","https://openalex.org/W3090139470","https://openalex.org/W3105073457","https://openalex.org/W3118132944","https://openalex.org/W3118479569","https://openalex.org/W3120351402","https://openalex.org/W3128655704","https://openalex.org/W3129529899","https://openalex.org/W3130190409","https://openalex.org/W3161421216","https://openalex.org/W3167214600","https://openalex.org/W3173695934","https://openalex.org/W3176912151","https://openalex.org/W3177334024","https://openalex.org/W3197449262","https://openalex.org/W3206598848","https://openalex.org/W4210274086","https://openalex.org/W4214736753","https://openalex.org/W4285171586","https://openalex.org/W4286285585","https://openalex.org/W4286906423","https://openalex.org/W4294568686","https://openalex.org/W4304192510","https://openalex.org/W4306255075","https://openalex.org/W4308602930","https://openalex.org/W4308909683","https://openalex.org/W4312492443","https://openalex.org/W4312811864","https://openalex.org/W4312853449","https://openalex.org/W4362500842","https://openalex.org/W4366085645","https://openalex.org/W4380318404","https://openalex.org/W4386057747","https://openalex.org/W6714590955","https://openalex.org/W6715501732","https://openalex.org/W6717772578","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6734641875","https://openalex.org/W6749396741","https://openalex.org/W6762913911","https://openalex.org/W6764051988","https://openalex.org/W6765939562","https://openalex.org/W6766773940","https://openalex.org/W6771922894","https://openalex.org/W6773005947","https://openalex.org/W6780353226","https://openalex.org/W6845720290","https://openalex.org/W6881175742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4380086463","https://openalex.org/W4225161397","https://openalex.org/W1632903234","https://openalex.org/W3014300295","https://openalex.org/W3164822677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,13,158],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"radar":[3,15,35,56,64,72,95,120],"has":[4],"become":[5],"a":[6,76,116,145,192],"crucial":[7],"part":[8],"of":[9,34,55,62,70,91,119,224],"road":[10],"scene":[11],"perception.":[12],"particular,":[14],"increases":[16],"sensing":[17],"reliability":[18],"in":[19,128,173,184,200,240],"poor":[20],"weather":[21],"and":[22,46,132,140,167,182],"lighting":[23],"conditions.":[24],"State-of-the-art":[25],"deep":[26,203],"learning":[27,79,204],"methods":[28],"require":[29],"training,":[30],"but":[31],"the":[32,40,52,60,68,89,125,130,150,169,179,185,222,229,236],"labeling":[33],"data":[36],"needed":[37],"to":[38,51,148,152,155,164],"generate":[39],"required":[41],"\u201cground":[42],"truth\u201d":[43],"is":[44,191],"time-consuming":[45],"requires":[47],"expert":[48],"knowledge,":[49],"due":[50],"confusing":[53],"nature":[54],"signals.":[57],"This":[58,99],"limits":[59],"development":[61],"accurate":[63],"models.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67,168],"difficulty":[69],"annotating":[71],"datasets,":[73],"we":[74,81,141,160],"propose":[75,161],"novel":[77],"semi-supervised":[78,174],"framework":[80],"call":[82],"Automotive":[83],"Radar":[84],"Consistency":[85],"(ARC),":[86],"which":[87],"enables":[88],"inclusion":[90],"<italic":[92],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[93],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">unlabeled</i>":[94],"frames":[96],"during":[97],"training.":[98],"improves":[100,221],"performance":[101,223],"without":[102],"adding":[103],"manual":[104],"labor.":[105],"Our":[106,188,206],"model":[107,151],"learns":[108],"object":[109,127,241],"features":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112,178,209],"micro-Doppler":[113],"signatures":[114],"from":[115],"time":[117],"series":[118],"frames.":[121],"We":[122],"posit":[123],"that":[124,196,217],"same":[126,230],"both":[129],"forward":[131],"reverse":[133],"temporal":[134],"directions":[135],"will":[136],"share":[137],"similar":[138],"features,":[139],"use":[142],"this":[143],"as":[144,244,246],"consistency":[146],"regularization":[147],"encourage":[149],"learn":[153],"how":[154],"distinguish":[156],"targets.":[157],"addition,":[159],"Focal":[162],"JS-divergence":[163],"alleviate":[165],"over-fitting":[166],"class":[170],"imbalance":[171],"problem":[172],"learning,":[175],"by":[176,243],"focusing":[177],"hard":[180],"classes":[181],"samples":[183],"unlabeled":[186],"data.":[187],"proposed":[189],"method":[190,219,234,239],"general":[193],"training":[194],"strategy":[195],"can":[197],"be":[198],"incorporated":[199],"most":[201],"existing":[202,225],"frameworks.":[205],"experimental":[207],"results":[208],"two":[210],"public":[211],"datasets":[212],"with":[213],"limited":[214],"annotations":[215],"show":[216],"our":[218,233],"significantly":[220],"supervised":[226,238],"methods.":[227],"Under":[228],"network":[231],"architecture,":[232],"outperforms":[235],"fully":[237],"detection":[242],"much":[245],"36%.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}