{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378648090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3280744","title":"Awareness Messages by Vulnerable Road Users and Vehicles: Field Tests via LTE-V2X","display_name":"Awareness Messages by Vulnerable Road Users and Vehicles: Field Tests via LTE-V2X","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378648090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3280744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2023.3280744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3280744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1305990","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071778716","display_name":"Luca Lusvarghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-5633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Lusvarghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-5633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001083575","display_name":"Carlo Augusto Grazia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-995X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Augusto Grazia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-995X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004281878","display_name":"Martin Klapez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-204X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Klapez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-204X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054415777","display_name":"Maurizio Casoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-4416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Casoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-4416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014500056","display_name":"Maria Luisa Merani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-5042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Luisa Merani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-5042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering &#x201C;Enzo Ferrari,&#x201D;, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071778716"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210099310"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6918,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93732748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"10","first_page":"4418","last_page":"4433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.69101881980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5395327210426331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5315511226654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.48404449224472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4805648624897003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.4746554493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4575045108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.4034748077392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3005061745643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2241412103176117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1323898434638977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.69101881980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5395327210426331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5315511226654053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48404449224472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4805648624897003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4746554493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4575045108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4034748077392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3005061745643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2241412103176117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1323898434638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tiv.2023.3280744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2023.3280744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199657","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","issn_l":"2379-8858","issn":["2379-8858","2379-8904"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1305990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1305990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196326","display_name":"Iris Unimore (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1305990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1305990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196326","display_name":"Iris Unimore (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023835067","https://openalex.org/W2277604139","https://openalex.org/W2703451786","https://openalex.org/W2772664513","https://openalex.org/W2883604876","https://openalex.org/W2898513452","https://openalex.org/W2903709398","https://openalex.org/W2904355181","https://openalex.org/W2947416045","https://openalex.org/W2955128325","https://openalex.org/W2962783540","https://openalex.org/W2964334673","https://openalex.org/W2986809089","https://openalex.org/W3010925676","https://openalex.org/W3013082452","https://openalex.org/W3038779498","https://openalex.org/W3039367034","https://openalex.org/W3102034727","https://openalex.org/W3104490111","https://openalex.org/W3104712941","https://openalex.org/W3107539913","https://openalex.org/W3117877147","https://openalex.org/W3126365018","https://openalex.org/W3206773168","https://openalex.org/W3217453094","https://openalex.org/W4225729146","https://openalex.org/W4317418843","https://openalex.org/W4322706767","https://openalex.org/W4323065925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3086618278","https://openalex.org/W3007061917","https://openalex.org/W2008332894","https://openalex.org/W2006100586","https://openalex.org/W4300809132","https://openalex.org/W1995417588","https://openalex.org/W2103373899","https://openalex.org/W2367223136","https://openalex.org/W2734490318","https://openalex.org/W2514951647"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Awareness":[0],"messages":[1,36,78,157],"have":[2,90,106],"been":[3,91,107],"recently":[4],"introduced":[5],"to":[6,56,146,171,187],"extend":[7],"the":[8,34,58,66,76,101,118,121,125,131,137,147,151,165,172,179,188,195,205,210,214,221],"information":[9],"horizon":[10],"of":[11,24,29,52,60,68,127,136],"connected":[12,98],"vehicles":[13],"and":[14,40,82,112,143,174],"Vulnerable":[15],"Road":[16],"Users":[17],"(VRUs)":[18],"beyond":[19],"their":[20],"line-of-sight":[21],"range.":[22],"As":[23,150],"today,":[25],"only":[26],"a":[27,85,182],"handful":[28],"studies":[30],"has":[31,44],"experimentally":[32],"analyzed":[33],"awareness":[35,48,77,128,156],"generated":[37,79,161],"by":[38,64,80,201,217],"cars,":[39],"no":[41],"existing":[42],"work":[43,54],"concentrated":[45],"on":[46],"VRU":[47],"messages.":[49],"The":[50],"intent":[51],"this":[53,192],"is":[55],"fill":[57],"gap":[59],"missing":[61],"experimental":[62],"activities":[63],"analyzing":[65],"results":[67],"an":[69,94,169],"extensive":[70],"measurement":[71],"campaign,":[72],"aimed":[73],"at":[74],"investigating":[75],"cars":[81,105],"VRUs":[83,99,159],"in":[84,100,109,178,204,220],"real-world":[86],"context.":[87],"Field":[88],"tests":[89],"performed":[92],"employing":[93],"LTE-V2X":[95],"prototype":[96],"with":[97,185],"urban":[102,222],"scenario,":[103],"while":[104],"considered":[108],"urban,":[110],"suburban,":[111],"highway":[113],"environments.":[114],"In":[115],"all":[116],"cases,":[117],"paper":[119,166],"details":[120],"conditions":[122],"that":[123,154],"trigger":[124],"generation":[126],"messages,":[129,142],"presents":[130],"Probability":[132],"Mass":[133],"Function":[134],"(PMF)":[135],"time":[138],"interval":[139],"between":[140],"consecutive":[141],"relates":[144],"it":[145],"triggering":[148],"conditions.":[149],"findings":[152],"indicate":[153],"many":[155],"from":[158],"were":[160],"under":[162],"non-relevant":[163],"circumstances,":[164],"also":[167],"proposes":[168],"adjustment":[170],"standard":[173],"evaluates":[175,194],"its":[176],"effectiveness":[177],"field,":[180],"showing":[181],"notable":[183],"improvement":[184],"respect":[186],"original":[189],"setting.":[190,223],"Finally,":[191],"study":[193],"Packet":[196],"Delivery":[197],"Ratio":[198],"(PDR)":[199],"experienced":[200],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[202],"communications":[203,219],"above":[206],"scenarios":[207],"and,":[208],"for":[209],"first":[211],"time,":[212],"determines":[213],"PDR":[215],"attained":[216],"bicycle-to-vehicle":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T08:42:23.175194","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
