{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124159940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2026.3651290","title":"UTDT: A Baseline Benchmark for Urban Traffic Flow Digital Twins via Roadside LiDAR\u2013Camera Fusion","display_name":"UTDT: A Baseline Benchmark for Urban Traffic Flow Digital Twins via Roadside LiDAR\u2013Camera Fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124159940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2026.3651290"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2026.3651290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2026.3651290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haidong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4614-5817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49934816","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04j3vr751","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haidong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4614-5817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123023600","display_name":"Pengfei Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49934816","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04j3vr751","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6278-463X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9153-4295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49934816","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04j3vr751","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9153-4295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673193","display_name":"Jianhua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9097-8523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49934816","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04j3vr751","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9097-8523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123003552","display_name":"Qia Shan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49934816","display_name":"Hunan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04j3vr751","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qia Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0279-7807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49934816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0544852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"5","first_page":"5930","last_page":"5941"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.33219999074935913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.33219999074935913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.21240000426769257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.10830000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4099999964237213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6207000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173246807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833062","display_name":"Trajectory optimization","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778391309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832527","display_name":"Traffic simulation","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2026.3651290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2026.3651290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7737104892730713}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1171513535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ6190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3531221898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JK2007-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154616225","https://openalex.org/W2518003110","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2910121883","https://openalex.org/W2954626788","https://openalex.org/W2955854238","https://openalex.org/W2966906878","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2983188006","https://openalex.org/W2998458707","https://openalex.org/W3012041784","https://openalex.org/W3141466727","https://openalex.org/W3172620835","https://openalex.org/W3173908321","https://openalex.org/W3175716777","https://openalex.org/W3194946195","https://openalex.org/W3209253128","https://openalex.org/W4205373550","https://openalex.org/W4210415623","https://openalex.org/W4210552974","https://openalex.org/W4221156702","https://openalex.org/W4289823407","https://openalex.org/W4294975299","https://openalex.org/W4384206937","https://openalex.org/W4386174865","https://openalex.org/W4399800919","https://openalex.org/W4401246665","https://openalex.org/W4402916230"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0,74],"twin":[1],"(DT)":[2],"technology":[3],"has":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,80],"key":[8],"enabler":[9],"for":[10,118,147,168],"bridging":[11],"the":[12,28,50,148,158,169],"gap":[13],"between":[14],"physical":[15],"and":[16,23,33,56,100,102,112,115,126,150,164,178],"virtual":[17],"worlds,":[18],"providing":[19],"real-time":[20],"synchronization,":[21],"monitoring,":[22],"optimization":[24,151],"capabilities.":[25],"However,":[26],"in":[27,132],"field":[29],"of":[30,84,152,160,171],"intelligent":[31,161],"transportation":[32,162],"autonomous":[34,153],"driving,":[35],"most":[36],"existing":[37],"DT":[38],"systems":[39,163],"remain":[40],"limited":[41],"to":[42,52],"single-scene":[43],"simulations":[44],"or":[45],"simplified":[46],"traffic":[47,85,134],"models,":[48],"lacking":[49],"ability":[51],"maintain":[53],"spatiotemporal":[54],"consistency":[55],"continuous":[57],"vehicle":[58,130],"identities":[59],"across":[60],"multiple":[61],"intersections.":[62],"To":[63],"address":[64],"these":[65],"limitations,":[66],"this":[67],"paper":[68],"proposes":[69],"an":[70],"Urban":[71],"Traffic":[72],"Flow":[73],"Twin":[75],"(UTDT)":[76],"framework":[77],"that":[78,140],"builds":[79],"high-fidelity,":[81],"multi-scene":[82],"representation":[83],"flow.":[86],"UTDT":[87,141],"integrates":[88],"four":[89],"core":[90],"modules:":[91],"single-intersection":[92],"multi-object":[93],"tracking,":[94],"multi-intersection":[95],"trajectory":[96,98,124],"association,":[97],"inference":[99],"restoration,":[101],"twinning":[103],"synchronization.":[104],"Multi-object":[105],"tracking":[106],"is":[107],"enhanced":[108],"by":[109],"fusing":[110],"LiDAR":[111],"camera":[113],"data":[114],"leveraging":[116],"re-identification":[117],"cross-scene":[119],"identity":[120],"continuity,":[121],"enabling":[122],"accurate":[123],"reconstruction":[125],"precise":[127],"digital":[128],"twin\u2013based":[129],"control":[131],"complex":[133],"scenarios.":[135],"The":[136,175],"experimental":[137],"results":[138],"show":[139],"can":[142],"provide":[143],"high-fidelity":[144],"simulation":[145],"scenarios":[146],"testing":[149],"driving":[154],"systems,":[155],"which":[156],"promotes":[157],"development":[159],"provides":[165],"important":[166],"support":[167],"construction":[170],"future":[172],"smart":[173],"cities.":[174],"source":[176],"code":[177],"datasets":[179],"are":[180],"available":[181],"athttps://github.com/OpenHUTB/traffic_twin":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
