{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117892430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3641715","title":"Brain-in-the-Loop Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Decision-Making","display_name":"Brain-in-the-Loop Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Decision-Making","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117892430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3641715"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3641715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3641715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121747335","display_name":"Xiaofei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121726534","display_name":"Haoyi Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121705944","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107999393","display_name":"Chuan Hui Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-0810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaosheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121705567","display_name":"Hong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121747335"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00728198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":"3383","last_page":"3394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.4909000098705292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.4909000098705292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.10080000013113022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.06939999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.805899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5055000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disadvantage","display_name":"Disadvantage","score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potential-field","display_name":"Potential field","score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-decision-support-system","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-classifier-system","display_name":"Learning classifier system","score":0.2989000082015991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.805899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6281999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5891000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5055000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986897749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231761","display_name":"Potential field","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199190896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509276","display_name":"Learning classifier system","level":3,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781002164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822311","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779436431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672407","display_name":"Policy learning","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779925283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5216147","display_name":"Dangerous driving","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117035363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3769299","display_name":"Human behavior","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3641715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3641715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8175716400146484}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,59,127],"inflexible":[1],"human-autonomy":[2],"relationship":[3],"within":[4,110],"autonomous":[5],"driving":[6,66,79,143,161],"scenarios":[7],"still":[8],"has":[9,132],"not":[10],"realized":[11],"synergetic":[12],"intelligence,":[13],"therefore":[14],"unable":[15],"to":[16,25,48,120,146],"provide":[17],"adaptive":[18],"and":[19,22,78,135,163,173],"context-sensitive":[20],"decision-making":[21],"sometimes":[23],"leading":[24],"violation":[26],"of":[27,65,72,98],"human":[28,45,86,104,152],"pReferences":[29],"or":[30],"even":[31],"hazards.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"we":[36,115],"utilize":[37],"functional":[38],"near-infrared":[39],"spectroscopy":[40],"(fNIRS)":[41],"signals":[42],"as":[43,69],"real-time":[44],"risk-perception":[46],"feedback":[47],"establish":[49],"a":[50,159],"brain-in-the-loop":[51],"(BiTL)":[52],"trained":[53],"artificial":[54],"intelligence":[55,100],"algorithm":[56,61,123,156],"for":[57],"decision-making.":[58],"proposed":[60,122,155],"uses":[62],"the":[63,90,96,121,136,154],"result":[64],"risk":[67,77],"reasoning":[68],"one":[70],"input":[71],"reinforcement":[73,91,148],"learning":[74,92,109,149],"combining":[75],"fNIRS-based":[76],"safety":[80],"field":[81],"model-based":[82],"risk,":[83],"realizing":[84],"integrating":[85],"brain":[87],"activity":[88],"into":[89],"scheme,":[93],"then":[94],"overcoming":[95],"disadvantage":[97],"machine-oriented":[99],"that":[101,139],"could":[102],"violate":[103],"intentions.":[105],"To":[106],"achieve":[107],"policy":[108,162],"limited":[111],"BiTL":[112],"training":[113],"periods,":[114],"add":[116],"two":[117],"modification":[118],"features":[119],"based":[124],"on":[125],"TD3.":[126],"experiment":[128],"involving":[129],"twenty":[130],"participants":[131],"been":[133],"conducted,":[134],"results":[137],"show":[138],"in":[140],"continuously":[141],"high-risk":[142],"scenarios,":[144],"compared":[145],"traditional":[147],"algorithms":[150],"without":[151],"participation,":[153],"can":[157],"maintain":[158],"cautious":[160],"avoid":[164],"potential":[165],"collisions,":[166],"validated":[167],"with":[168],"both":[169],"proximal":[170],"surrogate":[171],"indicators":[172],"success":[174],"rates.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T06:59:57.516163","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}