{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124166218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3640230","title":"Advanced VIL Architecture for Autonomous Driving: Legal, Technical, and Sensor Integration From ADAS to Full Autonomy","display_name":"Advanced VIL Architecture for Autonomous Driving: Legal, Technical, and Sensor Integration From ADAS to Full Autonomy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124166218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3640230"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3640230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3640230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123039280","display_name":"Yong-Ha Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong-Ha Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6272-7805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123037790","display_name":"Tae-Geun Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122706678","display_name":"Halla University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw5ag50","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122706678"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tae-Geun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Road Traffic Authority (KoROAD), Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9208-8445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Road Traffic Authority (KoROAD), Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122706678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050335402","display_name":"Jong\u2010Hoon Won","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-574X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Hoon Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-574X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04480763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":"3656","last_page":"3668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.7084000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.7084000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.13609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.06310000270605087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chassis","display_name":"Chassis","score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-prototyping","display_name":"Virtual prototyping","score":0.35589998960494995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512993513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068107","display_name":"Chassis","level":2,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780991453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3408177","display_name":"Virtual prototyping","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778448659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931051","display_name":"Overtaking","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201762086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728183","display_name":"CAN bus","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778803698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334973","display_name":"Embedded controller","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86369673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1203659","display_name":"Simultaneous localization and mapping","level":4,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15845906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172338","display_name":"Data exchange","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176563091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669238","display_name":"Intelligent sensor","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780974030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16951926","display_name":"Co-simulation","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3640230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3640230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040903332","https://openalex.org/W2066700020","https://openalex.org/W2162496544","https://openalex.org/W2899710454","https://openalex.org/W2991414358","https://openalex.org/W3160513718","https://openalex.org/W3161049446","https://openalex.org/W3162444044","https://openalex.org/W3213371637","https://openalex.org/W4220982940","https://openalex.org/W4239192836","https://openalex.org/W4286285636","https://openalex.org/W4286377582","https://openalex.org/W4386632202","https://openalex.org/W4387380190","https://openalex.org/W4390746271","https://openalex.org/W4392761711","https://openalex.org/W4394994645","https://openalex.org/W4399452073","https://openalex.org/W4401359175","https://openalex.org/W4404999326","https://openalex.org/W4405361387","https://openalex.org/W4405362925","https://openalex.org/W4405721388","https://openalex.org/W4410572398"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Validation":[0],"and":[1,16,67,96,103,146],"verification":[2],"(V&V)":[3],"of":[4],"autonomous":[5,64],"vehicles":[6],"in":[7,54,155],"real-world":[8,150],"testing":[9,145],"are":[10],"limited":[11],"by":[12],"time,":[13],"cost,":[14],"safety,":[15],"scalability.":[17],"Driving":[18],"simulators":[19],"provide":[20],"safer":[21],"alternatives":[22],"but":[23],"often":[24],"fail":[25],"to":[26,49,100],"reproduce":[27],"actual":[28],"vehicle":[29,52],"dynamics.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,41,45,110,125],"Vehicle-in-the-Loop":[35],"(VIL)":[36],"simulation":[37],"framework":[38,58,141],"that":[39,138],"integrates":[40],"chassis":[42],"dynamometer":[43],"with":[44,133,149],"virtual":[46,81],"driving":[47,65],"simulator":[48],"emulate":[50],"real":[51,55],"responses":[53],"time.":[56],"The":[57],"enables":[59],"bidirectional":[60],"communication":[61],"between":[62],"the":[63,122,139],"controller":[66,123],"simulated":[68,118],"sensor":[69,119],"data.":[70],"For":[71],"ADAS-level":[72],"sensors":[73,92],"(e.g.,":[74],"radar,":[75],"ultrasonic),":[76],"Over-the-Air":[77],"(OTA)":[78],"stimulation":[79],"converts":[80],"outputs":[82],"into":[83,121],"physical":[84],"signals.":[85],"However,":[86],"OTA":[87],"becomes":[88],"impractical":[89],"for":[90],"high-bandwidth":[91],"such":[93],"as":[94],"LiDAR":[95],"multi-camera":[97],"systems":[98],"due":[99],"data":[101,111,120],"complexity":[102],"transmission":[104],"latency.":[105],"To":[106],"overcome":[107],"these":[108],"challenges,":[109],"injection":[112],"approach":[113],"is":[114],"adopted,":[115],"directly":[116],"feeding":[117],"through":[124],"custom":[126],"packet":[127],"interface.":[128],"Scenario-based":[129],"V&V":[130],"experiments":[131],"aligned":[132],"national":[134],"traffic":[135],"regulations":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"proposed":[140],"achieves":[142],"realistic,":[143],"regulation-compliant":[144],"quantitative":[147],"consistency":[148],"driving,":[151],"achieving":[152],"reliable":[153],"validation":[154],"complex":[156],"scenarios.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}