{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417002510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","title":"Three-Part Genetic Algorithm to Optimize the Outbound Train Using a Multi-Objective Approach","display_name":"Three-Part Genetic Algorithm to Optimize the Outbound Train Using a Multi-Objective Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417002510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3637692"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074202735","display_name":"Gon\u00e7alo M. Correia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3915-5357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gon\u00e7alo Vasconcelos Correia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3915-5357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jacinto Estima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8837-4637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacinto Estima","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8837-4637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026481811","display_name":"Alberto Cardoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1824-1075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Cardoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1824-1075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005822969","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Tavares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6435-1278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149321","display_name":"Fordesi (Portugal)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jppzq03","country_code":"PT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149321"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Tavares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fordesi, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fordesi, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44981654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"2","first_page":"2072","last_page":"2087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.5101000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.5101000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.23070000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.21230000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.7117000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","score":0.4401000142097473}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.7117000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6211000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779664074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518405","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30481170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37748","display_name":"Chromosome","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85044808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620614","display_name":"Assignment problem","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3637692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,135],"work":[1],"tackles":[2],"inefficiencies":[3],"in":[4,25,187],"outbound":[5],"train":[6,53,141,197,218],"loading":[7,219,233],"at":[8,200],"dry":[9],"ports,":[10],"focusing":[11],"on":[12],"an":[13,239],"advanced":[14],"variation,":[15],"with":[16,118,217],"new":[17],"objectives":[18],"identified":[19],"by":[20,115,199,215,235],"Fordesi":[21],"and":[22,47,72,99,143,195,222],"MEDWAY":[23],"terminal":[24,48],"the":[26,32,39,50,83,103,119,165,188,204,224],"context":[27],"of":[28,31,52,79,132,178,207,243],"project":[29],"Nexus,":[30],"Wagon-Container":[33],"Assignment":[34],"Problem":[35],"(WCAP).":[36],"Inefficiencies":[37],"include":[38],"failure":[40],"to":[41,56,128,156,238],"load":[42,164],"high-priority":[43,138,169],"containers\u2014compromising":[44],"urgent":[45,226],"deadlines":[46,194,227],"competitiveness\u2014and":[49],"underutilization":[51],"capacity,":[54,142],"leading":[55,237],"container":[57],"congestion.":[58],"Additionally,":[59],"inefficient":[60],"reach":[61],"stacker":[62],"paths":[63],"increase":[64],"travel":[65,145],"distances,":[66],"raising":[67],"fuel":[68],"costs,":[69],"equipment":[70],"maintenance,":[71],"greenhouse":[73],"gas":[74],"emissions.":[75],"The":[76,152],"increasing":[77,179],"volume":[78],"containerized":[80],"freight":[81],"highlights":[82],"need":[84],"for":[85,102],"optimized":[86],"cargo":[87],"handling.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"these":[91],"challenges,":[92],"we":[93,110],"introduce":[94],"a":[95,130,148],"novel":[96],"chromosome":[97],"representation":[98],"fitness":[100],"function":[101],"Three-Part":[104],"Genetic":[105],"Algorithm":[106],"2":[107],"(TPGA2).":[108],"Moreover,":[109,203],"further":[111],"enhance":[112],"our":[113],"approach":[114,136],"integrating":[116],"TPGA2":[117,181,205,231],"<inline-formula":[120],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[121],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[122],"<tex-math":[123],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\epsilon":[124],"$</tex-math>":[125],"</inline-formula>-constraint":[126],"method":[127],"generate":[129],"set":[131,206],"non-dominated":[133,208],"solutions.":[134],"prioritizes":[137],"containers,":[139],"maximizes":[140],"minimizes":[144],"distances":[146,234],"within":[147],"constrained":[149],"solution":[150],"space.":[151],"search":[153],"is":[154],"restricted":[155],"solutions":[157,209],"that":[158],"either":[159],"fully":[160,163],"or":[161],"nearly":[162],"trains":[166],"while":[167],"ensuring":[168,223],"containers":[170],"are":[171],"loaded":[172],"first.":[173],"Tested":[174],"across":[175],"three":[176],"scenarios":[177],"complexity,":[180],"consistently":[182],"outperformed":[183,210],"heuristic":[184,212],"methods,":[185],"especially":[186],"most":[189,225],"realistic":[190],"scenario,":[191],"meeting":[192],"critical":[193],"maximizing":[196],"utilization":[198],"least":[201],"98.6%.":[202],"all":[211],"approaches.":[213],"Lastly,":[214],"aligning":[216],"staff":[220],"priorities":[221],"were":[228],"met":[229],"first,":[230],"reduced":[232],"7%,":[236],"estimated":[240],"annual":[241],"savings":[242],"9,049.41e.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-04T00:00:00"}