{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416177785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629800","title":"SimPRL: A Simple Contrastive Learning for Path Representation Learning by Joint GPS Trajectories and Road Paths","display_name":"SimPRL: A Simple Contrastive Learning for Path Representation Learning by Joint GPS Trajectories and Road Paths","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416177785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629800"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3629800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061142308","display_name":"Tianxi Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9684-611X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianxi Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9684-611X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085772667","display_name":"Xuxiang Ta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1407-4818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuxiang Ta","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1407-4818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034521286","display_name":"Yi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5259-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5259-2875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000608590","display_name":"Liangzhe Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-8231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangzhe Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-8231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081275566","display_name":"Leilei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0157-1716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leilei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0157-1716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444159","display_name":"Weifeng Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-9509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-9509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex and Critical Software Environment (CCSE), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66435266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"400","last_page":"413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.5598000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.5598000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.19419999420642853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.09399999678134918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5867000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.427700012922287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5867000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22367795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625208","display_name":"Structured prediction","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61114434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144649","display_name":"Path expression","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3629800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5264141711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62394332","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5470227897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24B20171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7502749798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2549766072","https://openalex.org/W2768256553","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3080344546","https://openalex.org/W3080422828","https://openalex.org/W3114632476","https://openalex.org/W3156636935","https://openalex.org/W3187633063","https://openalex.org/W3210395416","https://openalex.org/W4289533750","https://openalex.org/W4291127070","https://openalex.org/W4293508715","https://openalex.org/W4295990491","https://openalex.org/W4306316985","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385270681","https://openalex.org/W4385567963","https://openalex.org/W4386591590","https://openalex.org/W4386608660","https://openalex.org/W4388936714","https://openalex.org/W4392693714","https://openalex.org/W4396736145"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Path":[0],"representations":[1,23],"are":[2],"widely":[3],"applied":[4],"in":[5,54,73,199,228],"smart-city":[6],"tasks,":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9,179],"travel":[10,203],"time":[11,204],"estimation,":[12],"road":[13,32,35,117,207],"classification,":[14],"and":[15,34,49,69,77,116,154,192,206,225,232],"trajectory":[16,157,170],"search.":[17],"Existing":[18],"approaches":[19],"effectively":[20],"learn":[21],"these":[22,38,61],"by":[24],"jointly":[25],"utilizing":[26],"multi-mode":[27],"data,":[28],"including":[29],"GPS":[30,114],"trajectories,":[31],"paths,":[33],"networks.":[36],"Although":[37],"methods":[39,62,218],"achieve":[40],"state-of-the-art":[41,217],"performance,":[42],"the":[43,47,100,172,176,180,195],"theoretical":[44],"understanding":[45],"of":[46,51,102,197,230],"importance":[48],"effectiveness":[50,196],"key":[52,103],"designs":[53],"path":[55,108],"representation":[56,109],"pre-training":[57,128],"remains":[58],"unclear.":[59],"Moreover,":[60],"often":[63],"rely":[64],"on":[65,95,99,185],"hard-constrained":[66],"labeled":[67,144],"data":[68,164],"manual":[70],"design,":[71],"resulting":[72],"limited":[74],"performance":[75],"gains":[76],"high":[78],"annotation":[79],"costs.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84,125,167],"proposeSimPRL,":[85],"a":[86,127,139,155],"simple":[87],"yet":[88],"powerful":[89],"contrastive":[90,121],"learning":[91],"framework":[92],"that":[93,130,212],"capitalizes":[94],"unannotated":[96,113],"data.":[97,145],"Building":[98],"exploration":[101],"factors":[104],"contributing":[105],"to":[106],"successful":[107],"learning,":[110],"SimPRL":[111,198,213],"integrates":[112],"trajectories":[115,134],"paths":[118],"directly":[119],"through":[120],"self-supervised":[122],"learning.":[123],"Specifically,":[124],"introduce":[126],"task":[129,153],"predicts":[131],"correspondences":[132],"between":[133],"from":[135,190],"different":[136],"modes":[137],"using":[138],"shared":[140],"encoder,":[141],"without":[142],"requiring":[143],"We":[146],"also":[147,220],"design":[148],"an":[149],"auxiliary":[150],"segment":[151],"imputation":[152],"minimal":[156],"sampling":[158],"technique":[159],"with":[160],"random":[161],"offsets":[162],"for":[163,175],"augmentation.":[165],"Additionally,":[166],"employ":[168],"any":[169],"within":[171],"mini-batch,":[173],"except":[174],"anchor":[177],"itself,":[178],"negative":[181],"sample.":[182],"Extensive":[183],"experiments":[184],"two":[186,200],"large-scale,":[187],"real-world":[188],"datasets":[189],"Chengdu":[191],"Porto":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"downstream":[201],"tasks:":[202],"estimation":[205],"classification.":[208],"The":[209],"results":[210],"show":[211],"not":[214],"only":[215],"surpasses":[216],"but":[219],"achieves":[221],"more":[222],"stable":[223],"generalization":[224],"greater":[226],"efficiency":[227],"terms":[229],"runtime":[231],"memory":[233],"usage.":[234],"Our":[235],"source":[236],"code":[237],"is":[238],"available":[239],"athttps://github.com/TXLiao/SimPRL":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-11-13T00:00:00"}