{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416286363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3625426","title":"3D Multi-Object Tracking Driven by Multi-Level Association and Intelligent Filtering","display_name":"3D Multi-Object Tracking Driven by Multi-Level Association and Intelligent Filtering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416286363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3625426"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3625426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3625426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069926560","display_name":"Hengyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-1207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-1207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430415","display_name":"Zhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110378019","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","ror":"https://ror.org/049kefs16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110378019","https://openalex.org/I2801502357"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-9699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100965244","display_name":"Zhenzhen Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenzhen Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627143","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-2084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-2084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113231574","display_name":"Xiaoxue Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0343-5708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxue Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0343-5708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and the Department of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77252558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"1442","last_page":"1457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.7595000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.7595000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.08269999921321869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7552000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.7196000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-association","display_name":"Data association","score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.37290000915527344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7552000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.7196000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6532999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5950999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983325608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084606","display_name":"Data association","level":3,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183356978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779213","display_name":"Tracking error","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173246807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833062","display_name":"Trajectory optimization","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3625426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3625426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2987104578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24-1-2 qljh-19-gx","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","funder_display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G515041050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFF0612102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7120314655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23-7-2-qljh-4-gx","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","funder_display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124781496","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2609144136","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2949708697","https://openalex.org/W3034314779","https://openalex.org/W3035667831","https://openalex.org/W3086436251","https://openalex.org/W3130890398","https://openalex.org/W3132607695","https://openalex.org/W3136115421","https://openalex.org/W3165926952","https://openalex.org/W3190141195","https://openalex.org/W3196204376","https://openalex.org/W3206199195","https://openalex.org/W4221145330","https://openalex.org/W4226546914","https://openalex.org/W4285102535","https://openalex.org/W4286904999","https://openalex.org/W4292793982","https://openalex.org/W4293255378","https://openalex.org/W4293811845","https://openalex.org/W4297239485","https://openalex.org/W4308871936","https://openalex.org/W4312707458","https://openalex.org/W4312778480","https://openalex.org/W4313168910","https://openalex.org/W4319298521","https://openalex.org/W4379116686","https://openalex.org/W4380761625","https://openalex.org/W4380905902","https://openalex.org/W4382203297","https://openalex.org/W4383066393","https://openalex.org/W4385325872","https://openalex.org/W4385477837","https://openalex.org/W4385804784","https://openalex.org/W4388971550","https://openalex.org/W4388995999","https://openalex.org/W4389665756","https://openalex.org/W4390331683","https://openalex.org/W4390872843","https://openalex.org/W4391097242","https://openalex.org/W4392543446","https://openalex.org/W4392667072","https://openalex.org/W4393032949","https://openalex.org/W4400946860"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0,20,50],"multi-object":[1,21,51],"tracking":[2,22,52,206],"has":[3],"been":[4],"extensively":[5],"applied":[6],"in":[7,75,212],"areas":[8],"such":[9,215],"as":[10,216],"autonomous":[11],"driving,":[12],"uncrewed":[13],"aerial":[14],"vehicles,":[15],"and":[16,40,58,73,80,87,108,119,126,151,163,176,182,192,208,222],"robots.":[17],"However,":[18],"existing":[19,200],"methods":[23],"still":[24],"face":[25],"challenges":[26,214],"including":[27],"inaccurately":[28],"fitting":[29],"the":[30,85,113,144,167,180],"true":[31],"motion":[32],"of":[33,37,89,112,146],"objects,":[34],"insufficient":[35],"utilization":[36],"trajectory":[38,41,95,106,139,161],"information,":[39],"drift.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"these":[45],"issues,":[46],"we":[47,131],"propose":[48,132],"a":[49,93,133],"framework":[53],"driven":[54],"by":[55],"multi-level":[56,94],"association":[57,97],"intelligent":[59,135],"filtering.":[60],"We":[61],"design":[62],"an":[63],"adaptive":[64],"prediction":[65,76],"module":[66,137,142],"for":[67,138,179],"state":[68,90],"estimation":[69,79],"that":[70],"reduces":[71],"noise":[72],"error":[74],"information":[77],"through":[78],"smoothing":[81],"processes,":[82],"thereby":[83],"enhancing":[84],"stability":[86],"accuracy":[88],"prediction.":[91],"Subsequently,":[92],"integration-guided":[96],"strategy":[98,102],"is":[99],"introduced.":[100],"This":[101,141],"integrates":[103],"detection":[104],"results,":[105],"data,":[107],"potential":[109],"real-world":[110],"states":[111],"objects.":[114],"It":[115],"minimizes":[116],"incorrect":[117],"associations":[118],"identity":[120,164,188,223],"switches,":[121],"thus":[122],"achieving":[123],"more":[124],"accurate":[125],"robust":[127],"data":[128],"association.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"quality-aware":[134],"filtering":[136],"correction.":[140],"assesses":[143],"quality":[145],"all":[147],"matched":[148],"detection-trajectory":[149],"pairs":[150],"applies":[152],"regression":[153],"correction":[154],"to":[155,190],"low-quality":[156],"drift":[157],"detections,":[158],"effectively":[159],"reducing":[160,187],"fragmentization":[162],"switches.":[165,224],"On":[166],"KITTI":[168],"test":[169],"dataset,":[170],"our":[171,202],"method":[172,203],"achieves":[173],"80.64%":[174],"HOTA":[175,178],"53.68%":[177],"car":[181],"pedestrian":[183],"categories,":[184],"respectively,":[185],"while":[186],"switches":[189],"50":[191],"97.":[193],"These":[194],"results":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"that,":[197],"compared":[198],"with":[199],"methods,":[201],"delivers":[204],"superior":[205],"performance":[207],"exhibits":[209],"stronger":[210],"robustness":[211],"handling":[213],"large":[217],"inter-frame":[218],"displacements,":[219],"long-term":[220],"occlusions,":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-02T23:11:23.791532","created_date":"2025-11-17T00:00:00"}
