{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7104587864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3621460","title":"Toward Democratizing High-Definition Map Update Through Consortium Blockchain","display_name":"Toward Democratizing High-Definition Map Update Through Consortium Blockchain","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7104587864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3621460"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3621460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3621460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Benny Wijaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-4284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benny Wijaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-4284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengmeng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-6437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengmeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-6437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tuopu Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-765X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuopu Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-765X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-7244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-7244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155611","display_name":"Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04e698d63","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Natural Resources, National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources, National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wang Yunlong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Yunlong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zheng Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-1525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-1525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tang Xuewei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-0417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang Xuewei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-0417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Diange Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-2448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diange Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-2448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66489462,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"12","first_page":"22538","last_page":"22555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5630999803543091,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5630999803543091,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.09780000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.0421999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.732200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.6589000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.608299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.3587999939918518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.732200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6873000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.6589000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.608299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137314826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330408","display_name":"Data mapping","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169468491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146923","display_name":"Middleware (distributed applications)","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776371148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757138","display_name":"Dangerous goods","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781218421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892532","display_name":"Reputation system","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777505653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4470796","display_name":"Sybil attack","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188048851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298569","display_name":"Road map","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49895821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227368","display_name":"Data verification","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3621460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3621460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.595920979976654,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1929027860","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52394264","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7213601597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G951889214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52472449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128784951","https://openalex.org/W2604283786","https://openalex.org/W2800068681","https://openalex.org/W2966894933","https://openalex.org/W2970412534","https://openalex.org/W2970723335","https://openalex.org/W2975720376","https://openalex.org/W2990263402","https://openalex.org/W3009218949","https://openalex.org/W3024401092","https://openalex.org/W3034701432","https://openalex.org/W3084759108","https://openalex.org/W3089522406","https://openalex.org/W3091436929","https://openalex.org/W3110821117","https://openalex.org/W3119783965","https://openalex.org/W3126223874","https://openalex.org/W3131220023","https://openalex.org/W3132327540","https://openalex.org/W3190563635","https://openalex.org/W3195696782","https://openalex.org/W3207449349","https://openalex.org/W3215127994","https://openalex.org/W4226320219","https://openalex.org/W4308080440","https://openalex.org/W4313472382","https://openalex.org/W4384284172","https://openalex.org/W4390115165","https://openalex.org/W4392151825"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,12,27,38,41,48,61,83,90,101,129,167,184,192,198],"rapidly":[2],"evolving":[3],"landscape":[4],"of":[5,14,29,40,63,76,94,105,132,194,200],"autonomous":[6,201],"vehicles":[7,95],"and":[8,17,78,92,103,149,175],"advanced":[9],"navigation":[10],"systems,":[11],"accuracy":[13,39,102],"high-definition":[15,64,116,195],"maps":[16,196],"real-time":[18],"updating":[19],"has":[20,32],"become":[21],"paramount.":[22],"However,":[23],"in":[24,157,166,197],"this":[25,53],"progression,":[26],"security":[28],"map":[30,65,107],"data":[31,42,147,155],"not":[33],"received":[34],"adequate":[35],"attention,":[36],"although":[37],"can":[43],"be":[44],"easily":[45],"altered":[46],"when":[47],"system":[49,88],"is":[50],"breached.":[51],"Thus,":[52],"paper":[54],"introduces":[55],"a":[56,111,120,187],"novel":[57],"approach":[58,190],"to":[59,81,99,128,191],"democratizing":[60],"process":[62],"updates":[66],"by":[67,119],"leveraging":[68],"consortium":[69],"blockchain":[70,159],"technology":[71],"specifically":[72],"designed":[73],"for":[74,114,146,154,173,186],"Proof":[75],"Presence":[77],"Reputation":[79],"(POP-R)":[80],"safeguard":[82],"update":[84],"process.":[85],"Our":[86],"proposed":[87],"leverages":[89],"presence":[91],"reputation":[93,133],"through":[96],"infrastructure":[97],"nodes":[98],"enhance":[100],"reliability":[104],"HD":[106],"updates.":[108],"We":[109],"created":[110],"trusted":[112],"ecosystem":[113],"maintaining":[115],"maps,":[117],"marked":[118],"superior":[121],"safety":[122],"score":[123],"across":[124],"three":[125],"scenarios":[126],"compared":[127],"standard":[130],"proof":[131],"technique.":[134],"Additionally,":[135],"it":[136],"demonstrates":[137],"high":[138],"efficiency,":[139],"achieving":[140],"12,000":[141],"transactions":[142],"per":[143],"second":[144],"(TPS)":[145],"queries":[148],"more":[150],"than":[151],"2,500":[152],"TPS":[153],"writing":[156],"our":[158,164,179],"network.":[160],"This":[161],"efficiency":[162],"proved":[163],"prowess":[165],"lightweight":[168],"computational":[169],"power":[170],"required,":[171],"suitable":[172],"decentralized":[174,189],"crowdsourced-based":[176],"systems.":[177],"Through":[178],"POP-R":[180],"framework,":[181],"we":[182],"lay":[183],"foundation":[185],"new":[188],"evolution":[193],"era":[199],"mobility.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00"}
