{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7101776120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3620346","title":"T2BR: A Hierarchical Repositioning Approach for Autonomous Mobility on Demand Systems","display_name":"T2BR: A Hierarchical Repositioning Approach for Autonomous Mobility on Demand Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7101776120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3620346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3620346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3620346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Taijie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-9994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taijie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-9994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingyun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7462-0046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7462-0046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Siyuan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3194-1124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3194-1124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiandong Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8692-9207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112812","display_name":"National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02291hh73","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154941","display_name":"Shenzhen Urban Transport Planning Center Co.","ror":"https://ror.org/009q8er18","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiandong Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Urban Transport Planning Center Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8692-9207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Urban Transport Planning Center Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112812","https://openalex.org/I4387154941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jintao Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9778-3387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintao Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9778-3387","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0916,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84906959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"12","first_page":"23139","last_page":"23150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13015","display_name":"Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies","score":0.10220000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13015","display_name":"Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies","score":0.10220000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12568","display_name":"Plant Taxonomy and Phylogenetics","score":0.08129999786615372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10385","display_name":"Plant Diversity and Evolution","score":0.05950000137090683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-planning","display_name":"Motion planning","score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.3734999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18785705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931373","display_name":"Scenario analysis","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3620346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3620346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/368155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/368155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/118606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/118606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"mobility-on-demand":[1],"(AMoD)":[2],"systems":[3],"face":[4],"persistent":[5],"challenges":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,40,49,114,136,190],"the":[9,54,68,84,107,127,170,197,204],"spatio-temporal":[10],"mismatch":[11],"between":[12],"vehicle":[13,186],"supply":[14],"and":[15,24,77,155,185],"passenger":[16,143],"demand,":[17],"which":[18],"results":[19,195],"in":[20,202],"low":[21],"fulfillment":[22,181],"rates":[23],"inefficient":[25],"fleet":[26],"utilization.":[27],"Existing":[28],"repositioning":[29,96,158],"strategies":[30],"primarily":[31],"follow":[32],"two":[33],"paradigms.":[34],"Region-level":[35],"approaches":[36],"direct":[37],"idle":[38,119],"vehicles":[39,120],"high-demand":[41],"areas":[42],"using":[43,162],"coarse-grained":[44],"policies":[45],"but":[46],"often":[47],"fail":[48],"provide":[50],"effective":[51],"guidance":[52],"within":[53,145],"target":[55,146],"region.":[56],"In":[57],"contrast,":[58],"route-level":[59],"methods":[60],"offer":[61],"fine-grained":[62],"control":[63],"by":[64],"generating":[65],"paths":[66,139],"on":[67,122],"road":[69],"network,":[70],"yet":[71],"they":[72],"frequently":[73],"lack":[74],"global":[75],"planning":[76],"overlook":[78],"broader":[79],"supply-demand":[80],"dynamics.":[81],"To":[82],"address":[83],"limitations":[85],"of":[86,118,199,207],"both":[87],"paradigms,":[88],"we":[89],"propose":[90],"a":[91],"novel":[92],"<italic":[93],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[94],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">top-to-bottom":[95],"(T2BR)</i>":[97],"framework":[98,173],"that":[99,140,169],"hierarchically":[100],"integrates":[101],"decision-making":[102],"at":[103],"multiple":[104],"levels.":[105],"At":[106,126],"regional":[108],"level,":[109,129],"reinforcement":[110],"learning":[111],"is":[112,134],"employed":[113],"optimize":[115],"inter-regional":[116],"movements":[117],"based":[121],"long-term":[123],"platform":[124,183],"objectives.":[125],"route":[128],"Monte":[130],"Carlo":[131],"Tree":[132],"Search":[133],"utilized":[135],"generate":[137],"context-aware":[138],"facilitate":[141],"efficient":[142],"pickups":[144],"regions.":[147],"This":[148],"hierarchical":[149],"structure":[150],"allows":[151],"for":[152],"dynamic,":[153],"adaptive,":[154],"spatially":[156],"coordinated":[157],"decisions.":[159],"Comprehensive":[160],"evaluations":[161],"real-world":[163],"operational":[164,205],"data":[165],"from":[166],"Manhattan":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"proposed":[171],"T2BR":[172],"significantly":[174],"improves":[175],"key":[176],"performance":[177],"metrics,":[178],"including":[179],"order":[180],"rate,":[182],"revenue,":[184],"utilization,":[187],"when":[188],"compared":[189],"existing":[191],"baseline":[192],"methods.":[193],"These":[194],"highlight":[196],"effectiveness":[198],"our":[200],"approach":[201],"enhancing":[203],"efficiency":[206],"AMoD":[208],"systems.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-29T00:00:00"}
