{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413887228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3601740","title":"Efficient Vehicle Recognition and Tracking for UAV-Enabled Intelligent Transport Systems: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Method","display_name":"Efficient Vehicle Recognition and Tracking for UAV-Enabled Intelligent Transport Systems: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Method","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413887228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3601740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3601740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3601740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012295056","display_name":"Wenjiang Ouyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-0899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjiang Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-0899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050556544","display_name":"Junsheng Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-8314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junsheng Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-8314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027047483","display_name":"Xiaojun Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101682898","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-4287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-4287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82417765,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"11","first_page":"20930","last_page":"20940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.7947999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.7947999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.794700026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.7874000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7871758341789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.652275800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6138242483139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5767636299133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5354552268981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3200475573539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3148922622203827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.16992583870887756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7871758341789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.652275800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6138242483139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5767636299133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5354552268981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3200475573539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3148922622203827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.16992583870887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3601740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3601740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2757528734","https://openalex.org/W2900534458","https://openalex.org/W2992733631","https://openalex.org/W3047304572","https://openalex.org/W3080934299","https://openalex.org/W3112576174","https://openalex.org/W3133735442","https://openalex.org/W3134843574","https://openalex.org/W3207919963","https://openalex.org/W4286893914","https://openalex.org/W4292829107","https://openalex.org/W4295700726","https://openalex.org/W4385863208","https://openalex.org/W4392901776","https://openalex.org/W4399426094","https://openalex.org/W4401358232","https://openalex.org/W4401943161","https://openalex.org/W4402302364"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"recognition":[1,112,272],"constitutes":[2],"a":[3,65,115,124,184,200,222,258,280],"foundational":[4],"technology":[5,282],"within":[6],"intelligent":[7,50,83],"transport":[8,51,71],"systems":[9,52],"(ITS),":[10],"enabling":[11],"real-time":[12],"recognition,":[13,42],"classification,":[14],"and":[15,28,59,63,69,85,94,213,248,274,287],"tracking":[16,288],"of":[17,22,48,82,88,98,109,134,144,268],"vehicles.":[18],"With":[19],"the":[20,45,79,107,132,142,148,152,177,189,197,210,232,243,249,262],"characteristics":[21],"low":[23],"construction":[24],"cost,":[25],"flexible":[26],"deployment":[27],"strong":[29],"environment":[30],"adaptability,":[31],"unmanned":[32],"aerial":[33],"vehicle":[34,40,60,99,111,245,270,285],"(UAV)":[35],"is":[36,101,123,158,206,228],"increasingly":[37],"leveraged":[38],"for":[39,54,137,217,284],"target":[41,271],"acts":[43],"as":[44],"air":[46],"part":[47],"future":[49,75,104,290],"(ITS)":[53],"traffic":[55],"management,":[56,62],"accident":[57],"handling":[58],"order":[61],"provides":[64,279],"more":[66],"efficient,":[67],"safe":[68],"sustainable":[70],"mobility":[72],"solutions":[73],"in":[74,91,103,147,169,188,219,235,266,289],"ITS.":[76,139,220,237,291],"Promoted":[77],"by":[78],"massive":[80],"number":[81],"vehicles":[84,90],"growing":[86],"demands":[87],"connected":[89],"ITS,":[92,105,151],"continuous":[93],"high-fidelity":[95],"spatio-temporal":[96],"monitoring":[97],"movement":[100],"expected":[102],"raising":[106],"pursuit":[108],"higher":[110,269],"performance.":[113],"As":[114],"typical":[116],"distributed":[117],"training":[118,211],"framework,":[119],"federated":[120],"learning":[121,174,203],"(FL)":[122],"desired":[125],"paradigm":[126],"to":[127,141,208,230],"improve":[128],"sensing":[129,135,145],"performance":[130,260],"with":[131,196],"communication":[133,276],"parameters":[136,180],"UAV-enabled":[138,150,236],"Due":[140],"heterogeneity":[143],"data":[146,162,214],"cooperative":[149],"non-independent":[153],"identically":[154],"distribution":[155],"(Non-IID)":[156],"issue":[157,168],"inevitable.":[159],"The":[160,238],"existing":[161],"augmentation":[163,215],"works":[164],"aimed":[165],"at":[166],"Non-IID":[167],"FL":[170,225],"utilize":[171],"single-agent":[172],"reinforcement":[173,202],"(SARL),":[175],"where":[176],"local":[178],"model":[179,190],"are":[181,240],"input":[182],"into":[183],"central":[185],"network,":[186],"resulting":[187],"privacy":[191],"leakage":[192],"problem.":[193],"To":[194],"deal":[195],"above":[198],"issue,":[199],"multi-agent":[201],"(MARL)":[204],"algorithm":[205,256],"applied":[207],"optimize":[209],"accuracy":[212,273],"efficiency":[216],"UAV":[218],"Moreover,":[221],"decentralized":[223],"blockchain-based":[224],"(BFL)":[226],"framework":[227],"proposed":[229,255],"avoid":[231],"single-point":[233],"failure":[234],"experiments":[239],"conducted":[241],"on":[242],"generated":[244],"dataset":[246],"(VRID)":[247],"simulation":[250],"results":[251],"indicate":[252],"that":[253],"our":[254],"exhibits":[257],"superior":[259],"than":[261],"benchmark":[263],"algorithms,":[264],"especially":[265],"terms":[267],"lower":[275],"overhead,":[277],"which":[278],"significant":[281],"support":[283],"identification":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}