{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6922452927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3587305","title":"Adversarial Driving Behavior Generation via Fuzzy Reward Reinforcement Learning Incorporating Human Risk Cognition","display_name":"Adversarial Driving Behavior Generation via Fuzzy Reward Reinforcement Learning Incorporating Human Risk Cognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6922452927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3587305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3587305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3587305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2061-6998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I283854653","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01h4ass90","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I283854653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the Engineering Research Center of Knowledge-Driven Human-Machine Intelligence, MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2061-6998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the Engineering Research Center of Knowledge-Driven Human-Machine Intelligence, MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I283854653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xun Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-721X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I283854653","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01h4ass90","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I283854653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the Engineering Research Center of Knowledge-Driven Human-Machine Intelligence, MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-721X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the Engineering Research Center of Knowledge-Driven Human-Machine Intelligence, MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I283854653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-8796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-8796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-2431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I283854653","display_name":"Machine Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01h4ass90","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I283854653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and the Engineering Research Center of Knowledge-Driven Human-Machine Intelligence, MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-2431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and the Engineering Research Center of Knowledge-Driven Human-Machine Intelligence, MOE, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I283854653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yeting Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159565","display_name":"SAIC Motor (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/051b9ta18","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159565"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeting Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAIC Motor R&#x0026;D Innovation Headquarters, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAIC Motor R&#x0026;D Innovation Headquarters, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ting Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-3658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-3658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunfeng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-0664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfeng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-0664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-8649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-8649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38279087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"11","first_page":"19961","last_page":"19978"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.6564000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.6564000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.14149999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.03530000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-cognitive-map","display_name":"Fuzzy cognitive map","score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5047000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.4049000144004822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511107","display_name":"Fuzzy cognitive map","level":5,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5105000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5047000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35064395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093494","display_name":"Cognitive ergonomics","level":4,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117035363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3769299","display_name":"Human behavior","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511139","display_name":"Fuzzy rule","level":4,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5570062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3919817","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3587305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3587305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3211693034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023C034-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313842","funder_display_name":"Development and Reform Commission of Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7109635250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230201109GX","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327085","funder_display_name":"Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8966514916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313842","funder_display_name":"Development and Reform Commission of Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313842","display_name":"Development and Reform Commission of Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327085","display_name":"Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965455100","https://openalex.org/W1965541509","https://openalex.org/W2000462215","https://openalex.org/W2011931151","https://openalex.org/W2030830543","https://openalex.org/W2041946752","https://openalex.org/W2056877664","https://openalex.org/W2095088634","https://openalex.org/W2123317503","https://openalex.org/W2567218354","https://openalex.org/W2796289712","https://openalex.org/W2890218953","https://openalex.org/W2948686293","https://openalex.org/W2963898834","https://openalex.org/W2968176166","https://openalex.org/W2990048843","https://openalex.org/W2990123902","https://openalex.org/W3022552172","https://openalex.org/W3090622150","https://openalex.org/W3096208114","https://openalex.org/W3099089609","https://openalex.org/W3127647470","https://openalex.org/W3128326875","https://openalex.org/W3130718496","https://openalex.org/W3164340576","https://openalex.org/W3179442871","https://openalex.org/W3196020871","https://openalex.org/W4212819829","https://openalex.org/W4292981732","https://openalex.org/W4293145634","https://openalex.org/W4307918046","https://openalex.org/W4308080786","https://openalex.org/W4308141217","https://openalex.org/W4312242979","https://openalex.org/W4312730708","https://openalex.org/W4319080699","https://openalex.org/W4353056919","https://openalex.org/W4361861254","https://openalex.org/W4385194695","https://openalex.org/W4388936562","https://openalex.org/W4391768956","https://openalex.org/W4392908296","https://openalex.org/W4395063640","https://openalex.org/W4396599460","https://openalex.org/W4396633667","https://openalex.org/W4399618506","https://openalex.org/W4401417383","https://openalex.org/W4401843366","https://openalex.org/W4404524000"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exposing":[0],"failures":[1],"in":[2,74,90],"autonomous":[3],"vehicles":[4,42],"(AVs)":[5],"through":[6],"adversarial":[7,36,41,177],"environments":[8],"is":[9,47,66,99,116],"crucial":[10],"for":[11,55,63],"evaluating":[12],"their":[13],"reliability":[14],"before":[15],"deployment.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18,139],"presents":[19],"an":[20],"innovative":[21],"fuzzy":[22,61,113,149],"reward":[23,65],"reinforcement":[24],"learning":[25],"(RL)":[26],"framework":[27],"that":[28],"seamlessly":[29],"incorporates":[30],"influential":[31],"human":[32,70,86,107],"factor":[33,89],"to":[34,48,68,76,101,136,170],"generate":[35],"driving":[37,64,78,131],"behavior":[38],"from":[39,134,147],"background":[40],"(ADVs).":[43],"The":[44,138],"primary":[45],"aim":[46],"effectively":[49],"and":[50,165],"rationally":[51],"expose":[52],"risky":[53,92],"events":[54],"AV":[56],"evaluation.":[57],"Specifically,":[58],"a":[59,120,128,161],"three-layer":[60],"logic":[62],"designed":[67,169],"represent":[69],"reasoning":[71],"regarding":[72],"satisfaction":[73],"response":[75],"varying":[77],"conditions.":[79],"Building":[80],"upon":[81],"this,":[82],"inspired":[83],"by":[84],"the":[85,94,111,124,144,172,175],"risk":[87,108],"cognition":[88],"potential":[91],"scenarios,":[93],"Cumulative":[95],"Prospect":[96],"Theory":[97],"(CPT)":[98],"employed":[100],"model":[102],"cognitive":[103],"biases":[104],"associated":[105],"with":[106],"perception":[109],"within":[110,160],"proposed":[112],"reward.":[114,150],"It":[115],"then":[117],"integrated":[118],"into":[119],"CPT-RL":[121],"framework,":[122],"facilitating":[123],"controllable":[125],"generation":[126],"of":[127,130,143,155,174],"spectrum":[129],"behaviors,":[132],"ranging":[133],"adventurous":[135],"conservative.":[137],"further":[140],"provides":[141],"assessment":[142],"benefits":[145],"derived":[146],"integrating":[148],"Finally,":[151],"comparative":[152],"case":[153],"studies":[154],"AVs":[156],"evaluation":[157],"are":[158,168],"conducted":[159],"Hardware-in-the-Loop":[162],"(HiL)":[163],"platform":[164],"specific":[166],"metrics":[167],"evaluate":[171],"effectiveness":[173],"generated":[176],"behaviors.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
