{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412871062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3585985","title":"De-Simplifying Pseudo Labels to Enhancing Domain Adaptive Object Detection","display_name":"De-Simplifying Pseudo Labels to Enhancing Domain Adaptive Object Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412871062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3585985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3585985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3585985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039781970","display_name":"Zehua Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-4406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehua Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-4406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061304421","display_name":"Chenguang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9121-5623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenguang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9121-5623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036046257","display_name":"Yuyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-4931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101573981","display_name":"Jiaqi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-4601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-4601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056847110","display_name":"Qingjie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5181-6451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5181-6451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398953","display_name":"Yunhong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8001-2703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8001-2703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84409823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"10","first_page":"15811","last_page":"15825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6114263534545898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6044265031814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5410470366477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5319783091545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5130133032798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.47814831137657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3329685926437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1881622076034546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6114263534545898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6044265031814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5410470366477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5319783091545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5130133032798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.47814831137657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3329685926437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1881622076034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3585985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3585985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G446473743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L242105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8389390295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2955889502","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962823940","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964115968","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2964277612","https://openalex.org/W2968634921","https://openalex.org/W2969583814","https://openalex.org/W2971764038","https://openalex.org/W2979548969","https://openalex.org/W2981705647","https://openalex.org/W2990069979","https://openalex.org/W2990740643","https://openalex.org/W3010381534","https://openalex.org/W3010456692","https://openalex.org/W3034779842","https://openalex.org/W3035175896","https://openalex.org/W3035673985","https://openalex.org/W3037492894","https://openalex.org/W3106723659","https://openalex.org/W3107090469","https://openalex.org/W3107610277","https://openalex.org/W3109202794","https://openalex.org/W3109915642","https://openalex.org/W3110011650","https://openalex.org/W3118035304","https://openalex.org/W3127743092","https://openalex.org/W3133874538","https://openalex.org/W3154799548","https://openalex.org/W3166409449","https://openalex.org/W3172507542","https://openalex.org/W3175269419","https://openalex.org/W3175433941","https://openalex.org/W3178291178","https://openalex.org/W3202095994","https://openalex.org/W3202277637","https://openalex.org/W3204821053","https://openalex.org/W3215694718","https://openalex.org/W4226514331","https://openalex.org/W4312496534","https://openalex.org/W4312775058","https://openalex.org/W4313022252","https://openalex.org/W4313893207","https://openalex.org/W4365421063","https://openalex.org/W4377971432","https://openalex.org/W4386038329","https://openalex.org/W4390872249","https://openalex.org/W4394699198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737719445","https://openalex.org/W2898210368","https://openalex.org/W4239098401","https://openalex.org/W2382480268","https://openalex.org/W1976518449","https://openalex.org/W2732837990","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2363366881","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"its":[1],"significant":[2,181],"success,":[3],"object":[4,27,37],"detection":[5,28,38],"in":[6,16,159],"traffic":[7],"and":[8,13,60,196],"transportation":[9],"scenarios":[10],"requires":[11],"time-consuming":[12],"laborious":[14],"efforts":[15],"acquiring":[17],"high-quality":[18],"labeled":[19],"data.":[20],"Therefore,":[21],"Unsupervised":[22],"Domain":[23],"Adaptation":[24],"(UDA)":[25],"for":[26,36,184],"has":[29,39],"recently":[30],"gained":[31,54],"increasing":[32],"research":[33],"attention.":[34],"UDA":[35],"been":[40],"dominated":[41],"by":[42],"domain":[43,78],"alignment":[44,79],"methods,":[45],"which":[46],"achieve":[47],"top":[48],"performance.":[49],"Recently,":[50],"self-labeling":[51,71,185],"methods":[52],"have":[53],"popularity":[55],"due":[56],"to":[57,110,120,135,146,179],"their":[58],"simplicity":[59],"efficiency.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,82,140],"investigate":[66],"the":[67,84,93,97,112,137,148,160,171],"limitations":[68],"that":[69,167],"prevent":[70],"detectors":[72],"from":[73,151],"achieving":[74],"commensurate":[75],"performance":[76,182],"with":[77],"methods.":[80],"Specifically,":[81],"identify":[83],"high":[85],"proportion":[86,172],"of":[87,154,173],"simple":[88,174],"samples":[89,130,175],"during":[90,133,176],"training,":[91,177],"i.e.,":[92],"simple-label":[94],"bias,":[95],"as":[96],"central":[98],"cause.":[99],"We":[100],"propose":[101,141],"a":[102,180],"novel":[103],"approach":[104],"called":[105],"De-Simplifying":[106],"Pseudo":[107],"Labels":[108],"(DeSimPL)":[109],"mitigate":[111],"issue.":[113],"DeSimPL":[114,168],"utilizes":[115],"an":[116,122,142,152],"instance-level":[117],"memory":[118],"bank":[119],"implement":[121],"innovative":[123],"pseudo":[124,157],"label":[125],"updating":[126],"strategy.":[127],"Then,":[128],"adversarial":[129],"are":[131],"introduced":[132],"training":[134,162],"enhance":[136],"proportion.":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"adaptive":[143],"weighted":[144],"loss":[145],"avoid":[147],"model":[149],"suffering":[150],"abundance":[153],"false":[155],"positive":[156],"labels":[158],"late":[161],"period.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"effectively":[169],"reduces":[170],"leading":[178],"improvement":[183],"detectors.":[186],"Extensive":[187],"experiments":[188],"conducted":[189],"on":[190],"four":[191],"benchmarks":[192],"validate":[193],"our":[194],"analysis":[195],"conclusions.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
