{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411358836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3578099","title":"Multi-Layer Task Offloading Scheme in Fog Computing-Based VANETs With Optimized Completion Delay","display_name":"Multi-Layer Task Offloading Scheme in Fog Computing-Based VANETs With Optimized Completion Delay","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411358836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3578099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3578099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3578099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077448011","display_name":"Ke Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-5218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-5218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101640601","display_name":"Qi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0184-5739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101955170","display_name":"Jingjing Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0598-7698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0598-7698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027836208","display_name":"Rui Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5095-9637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071754046","display_name":"Long Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2961,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79239509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"8","first_page":"11574","last_page":"11591"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.9448999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7228075861930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6082087159156799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6038547158241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5602253675460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4492926001548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.43429237604141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.42647624015808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog-computing","display_name":"Fog computing","score":0.42394402623176575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3940454125404358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32939109206199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2528127431869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.2085426151752472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15693622827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12659266591072083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.09260714054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.08438897132873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.07430729269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06628862023353577}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7228075861930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6082087159156799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6038547158241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5602253675460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4492926001548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.43429237604141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.42647624015808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986652147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931","display_name":"Fog computing","level":3,"score":0.42394402623176575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3940454125404358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32939109206199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2528127431869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.2085426151752472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15693622827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12659266591072083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.09260714054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.08438897132873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.07430729269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06628862023353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3578099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3578099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4046914109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ50033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984187922","https://openalex.org/W2104735224","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2142559615","https://openalex.org/W2163533836","https://openalex.org/W2343050074","https://openalex.org/W2553698314","https://openalex.org/W2626588362","https://openalex.org/W2735056258","https://openalex.org/W2747537200","https://openalex.org/W2770373332","https://openalex.org/W2804199275","https://openalex.org/W2888816167","https://openalex.org/W2889849156","https://openalex.org/W2897099070","https://openalex.org/W2906647810","https://openalex.org/W2922756886","https://openalex.org/W2928400613","https://openalex.org/W2954039338","https://openalex.org/W2962955129","https://openalex.org/W2964221923","https://openalex.org/W2988930013","https://openalex.org/W3088579369","https://openalex.org/W3104151607","https://openalex.org/W3107242135","https://openalex.org/W3185378538","https://openalex.org/W4309338467","https://openalex.org/W4387986934","https://openalex.org/W4388499465","https://openalex.org/W4389297233","https://openalex.org/W4402351109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975289146","https://openalex.org/W2105887828","https://openalex.org/W1993670003","https://openalex.org/W2744741364","https://openalex.org/W2962797298","https://openalex.org/W2504933265","https://openalex.org/W2216035532","https://openalex.org/W1585302186","https://openalex.org/W2181429049","https://openalex.org/W4308734193"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,44,64,112,121,145],"the":[2,66,76,85,88,94,115,132,147],"characteristics":[3],"of":[4,68,90,97,104,117],"high":[5],"mobility,":[6],"low":[7],"latency":[8],"and":[9,93,107,128,150],"short":[10,73],"connection,":[11],"task":[12,30,38,51,98,134,148,159,166],"offloading":[13,31,52,135,160],"in":[14,33,71,169],"vehicular":[15,86],"ad-hoc":[16],"networks":[17],"(VANETs)":[18],"is":[19,62,110,137,162],"facing":[20],"many":[21],"issues.":[22],"In":[23,54],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26,140],"propose":[27],"a":[28,49,58,72],"multi-layer":[29,133,158],"scheme":[32,136,161],"fog":[34,170],"computing-based":[35,171],"VANETs,":[36],"whose":[37],"completion":[39,167],"delay":[40,106,168],"can":[41],"be":[42],"optimized":[43],"an":[45,101,142],"approximate":[46],"minimum":[47],"by":[48,164],"dynamical":[50],"process.":[53],"our":[55,157],"proposed":[56],"scheme,":[57],"vehicle":[59,70,91],"movement":[60],"model":[61,103,144],"constructed":[63,82],"predict":[65],"position":[67],"each":[69],"time.":[74],"Then,":[75],"link":[77],"reliability":[78],"evaluation":[79,102],"metrics":[80],"are":[81],"based":[83],"on":[84],"willingness,":[87],"degree":[89],"connection":[92],"expected":[95],"count":[96],"transmission.":[99],"Furthermore,":[100],"processing":[105],"resource":[108,124],"quantity":[109],"established":[111],"further":[113],"estimate":[114],"selection":[116],"offloaded":[118],"vehicles":[119],"according":[120],"node":[122],"degree,":[123,125],"computation":[126,151],"capacity":[127],"transmission":[129,149],"capacity.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"proposed,":[138],"where":[139],"build":[141],"optimization":[143],"minimize":[146],"(completion)":[152],"delays.":[153],"Related":[154],"experiments":[155],"show":[156],"efficient":[163],"optimizing":[165],"VANETs.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}