{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415821143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3576307","title":"An Embodied AI Empowered UaaS Framework Under Intelligent Transportation System","display_name":"An Embodied AI Empowered UaaS Framework Under Intelligent Transportation System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415821143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3576307"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3576307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3576307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102732574","display_name":"Zheyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9631-2921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9631-2921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114240068","display_name":"Yunjing Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8226-3649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjing Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8226-3649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120391761","display_name":"Shaobo Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-7803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenyang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120235592","display_name":"Tianyi Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0721-2978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0721-2978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012732696","display_name":"Hansong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-1624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hansong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-1624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108044017","display_name":"Zhihan Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2525-3074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihan Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2525-3074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034832697","display_name":"Hailin Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2734-480X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailin Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2734-480X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A and F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22376951,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"11","first_page":"18500","last_page":"18512"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.4426000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.4426000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.10930000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.08229999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.6858000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.536300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.33629998564720154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.6858000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.536300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103683099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370102","display_name":"Embodied agent","level":3,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39118121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034047","display_name":"Transportation planning","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3576307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3576307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8502937626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306283","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107437201","https://openalex.org/W3118272270","https://openalex.org/W3125164440","https://openalex.org/W3136025710","https://openalex.org/W3198706447","https://openalex.org/W3210716582","https://openalex.org/W4210268633","https://openalex.org/W4210940616","https://openalex.org/W4223526404","https://openalex.org/W4283322638","https://openalex.org/W4304698290","https://openalex.org/W4309116509","https://openalex.org/W4309914107","https://openalex.org/W4312631595","https://openalex.org/W4318827691","https://openalex.org/W4379538705","https://openalex.org/W4386076522","https://openalex.org/W4388129777","https://openalex.org/W4388488609","https://openalex.org/W4390490875","https://openalex.org/W4394884454","https://openalex.org/W4400878080","https://openalex.org/W4401717638","https://openalex.org/W4402124358","https://openalex.org/W4402670540","https://openalex.org/W4402961794","https://openalex.org/W4404788800","https://openalex.org/W4405093242","https://openalex.org/W4405754149"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Embodied":[0,67,135],"AI":[1,68,136],"has":[2],"notably":[3],"advanced":[4],"the":[5,43,134,153,185,199,207,211,217,221],"autonomy":[6],"of":[7,47,97,152,193,203,210],"physical":[8],"agents":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"robots,":[12],"vehicles,":[13],"and":[14,30,39,76,116,166,174,201,224],"AAVs,":[15],"expanding":[16],"their":[17,35,53,87],"application":[18],"scope.":[19],"However,":[20],"existing":[21,79],"systems":[22],"are":[23,110],"predominantly":[24],"data-driven,":[25],"relying":[26],"on":[27],"static":[28],"programming":[29],"pre-trained":[31],"models.":[32,213],"This":[33],"limits":[34],"adaptability":[36],"to":[37,107,148,183,197],"dynamic":[38],"unforeseen":[40],"scenarios.":[41],"Additionally,":[42],"high":[44],"computational":[45],"cost":[46],"training":[48],"large-scale":[49],"models":[50,182],"locally":[51],"hinders":[52],"practical":[54,234],"deployment.":[55],"One":[56],"promising":[57],"solution":[58],"lies":[59],"in":[60,73,89,113,140,216,226],"integrating":[61],"Large":[62],"Language":[63],"Models":[64],"(LLMs)":[65],"into":[66,133],"frameworks.":[69],"Although":[70],"LLMs":[71],"excel":[72],"reasoning,":[74],"coding,":[75],"perception,":[77],"most":[78],"frameworks":[80],"adopt":[81],"a":[82,114,125,149],"single-LLM":[83],"architecture,":[84],"which":[85],"restricts":[86],"effectiveness":[88],"addressing":[90],"complex,":[91],"multimodal":[92],"tasks.":[93],"The":[94],"diverse":[95],"strengths":[96,200],"individual":[98],"LLMs,":[99],"ranging":[100],"from":[101],"natural":[102],"language":[103],"understanding,":[104],"visual":[105],"processing":[106],"code":[108,164,195],"generation,":[109,165],"seldom":[111],"utilized":[112],"collaborative":[115],"structured":[117],"manner.":[118],"To":[119],"address":[120],"these":[121],"challenges,":[122],"we":[123],"propose":[124],"knowledge-driven":[126],"framework,":[127],"called":[128],"EUF,":[129],"that":[130],"incorporates":[131],"multi-LLMs":[132],"architecture":[137],"for":[138,236],"AAV-as-a-Service":[139],"Intelligent":[141],"Transportation":[142],"Systems.":[143],"Each":[144],"LLM":[145],"is":[146],"dedicated":[147],"specific":[150],"stage":[151],"AAV":[154,228],"task,":[155],"including":[156,206],"user":[157],"intent":[158],"interpretation,":[159],"adaptive":[160],"path":[161,229],"planning":[162,230],"with":[163],"error-feedback":[167],"mechanisms.":[168],"Our":[169],"research":[170],"explores":[171],"both":[172],"One-shot":[173],"Segmented":[175],"Code":[176],"Generation":[177],"approaches":[178],"using":[179],"various":[180],"LLM-driven":[181,212],"identify":[184],"optimal":[186],"strategy.":[187],"We":[188],"conduct":[189],"an":[190],"in-depth":[191],"analysis":[192],"different":[194],"errors":[196],"evaluate":[198],"limitations":[202],"each":[204],"approach,":[205],"feedback":[208],"capabilities":[209],"Experiments":[214],"conducted":[215],"AirSim":[218],"environment":[219],"demonstrate":[220],"framework\u2019s":[222],"robustness":[223],"accuracy":[225],"complex":[227],"tasks,":[231],"highlighting":[232],"its":[233],"potential":[235],"real-world":[237],"ITS":[238],"deployments.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}