{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410770457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3569256","title":"A Novel Nonlinear Smooth Controller for a Brain-Controlled Driving System in Complex Driving Scenarios","display_name":"A Novel Nonlinear Smooth Controller for a Brain-Controlled Driving System in Complex Driving Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410770457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3569256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3569256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3569256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035772408","display_name":"Tianyi Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-4134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-4134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031544610","display_name":"Siyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5192-8739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5192-8739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000862551","display_name":"Mengzhen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2488-5212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengzhen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2488-5212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051874651","display_name":"D. H. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-0674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-0674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082674612","display_name":"Zhiyuan Ming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0893-078X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0893-078X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lingfei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-4740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-4740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026469278","display_name":"Jiawei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-8272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057475008","display_name":"Ziyu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0061-6227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644701","display_name":"Qiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3525-7354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381080","display_name":"Tiantian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384-0642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384-0642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065232236","display_name":"Yifan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6205-2655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042122558","display_name":"Dingjie Suo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-1240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingjie Suo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-1240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078050498","display_name":"Jian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-7896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-7896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09782766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"7","first_page":"9432","last_page":"9444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6898898482322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6414440870285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5690723657608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.4920582175254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4546199440956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37596845626831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.21574386954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1756150722503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17429399490356445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6898898482322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6414440870285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5690723657608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.4920582175254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4546199440956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37596845626831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.21574386954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1756150722503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17429399490356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3569256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3569256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1028119459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82202291","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2046739376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M754099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2473752944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20241202124804007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3931403662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5000351438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5010636808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62336002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5160862705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023TQ0027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G521259706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023TQ0027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5220834381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023B0303030002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329801","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5558872186","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82202291","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5822409885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230484465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6248837668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M754099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G723734554","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7268659054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62406025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G739587100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230484465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7407147594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62336002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7516258851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7622101821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7242274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8076167624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62406025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8335949272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0208500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329801","display_name":"Shenzhen Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010625877","https://openalex.org/W2032262437","https://openalex.org/W2063052894","https://openalex.org/W2093250679","https://openalex.org/W2124853884","https://openalex.org/W2139430868","https://openalex.org/W2143183535","https://openalex.org/W2341848647","https://openalex.org/W2795550549","https://openalex.org/W2892252802","https://openalex.org/W2895714006","https://openalex.org/W2905626928","https://openalex.org/W2915192075","https://openalex.org/W2916006248","https://openalex.org/W2950675048","https://openalex.org/W3003649926","https://openalex.org/W3044345353","https://openalex.org/W3097300985","https://openalex.org/W3158339401","https://openalex.org/W3202284701","https://openalex.org/W4285224185","https://openalex.org/W4286009714","https://openalex.org/W4296322111","https://openalex.org/W4308366883","https://openalex.org/W4310384206","https://openalex.org/W4313176042","https://openalex.org/W4392543380","https://openalex.org/W4395048440","https://openalex.org/W4396221938","https://openalex.org/W4396941644","https://openalex.org/W4399118817","https://openalex.org/W4399126019","https://openalex.org/W4407802634","https://openalex.org/W6745193792","https://openalex.org/W6771598146","https://openalex.org/W6801967366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982160337","https://openalex.org/W1971380437","https://openalex.org/W1983548084","https://openalex.org/W2141691317","https://openalex.org/W2110846987","https://openalex.org/W2160609742","https://openalex.org/W1997414638","https://openalex.org/W2031091109","https://openalex.org/W2049254832","https://openalex.org/W2000675896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,25,38,51,105,114,117,121,125,133,136,143,163,170,174,185,207,220],"rapid":[2],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,16,27,53,165,179,222],"technology,":[5],"brain-controlled":[6],"driving":[7,73,97,181,194],"(BCD)":[8],"has":[9],"emerged":[10],"as":[11],"a":[12,85,92,155,226],"contemporary":[13],"focal":[14],"point":[15],"research":[17,230],"in":[18,50,62,71,162,218],"academia":[19],"and":[20,46,65,68,91,120,142,173,201,210,224],"industry.":[21],"BCD":[22,57,69,93,106,223],"refers":[23],"to":[24,32,48,158,191,206],"application":[26],"brain-machine":[28],"interface":[29],"(BMI)":[30],"technology":[31,45],"driving,":[33],"where":[34],"control":[35,52,167],"commands":[36],"from":[37,110],"human":[39],"brain":[40],"are":[41],"decoded":[42],"by":[43],"BMI":[44,118,134,175,211,232],"used":[47],"assist":[49],"vehicles.":[54],"However,":[55],"existing":[56],"systems":[58,70],"display":[59],"inadequate":[60],"performance":[61],"joint":[63],"lateral":[64],"longitudinal":[66],"control,":[67],"complex":[72,96,193],"scenarios":[74,98],"with":[75],"other":[76],"vehicles":[77],"have":[78],"not":[79],"been":[80],"studied.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"study,":[84],"nonlinear":[86,126,160],"smooth":[87,127],"controller":[88,122,128,150,172,187,209],"is":[89,99,108,129,151,188],"proposed,":[90],"system":[94,107],"for":[95,228],"developed":[100,130],"based":[101,131,153],"on":[102,132,154,231],"it.":[103],"First,":[104],"built":[109],"three":[111],"modules,":[112],"namely,":[113],"vehicle":[115],"module,":[116],"module":[119],"module.":[123],"Subsequently,":[124],"controller,":[135,141],"proximal":[137],"policy":[138],"optimization":[139],"(PPO)":[140],"self-adaptive":[144],"collaborative":[145],"(SAC)":[146],"controller.":[147,176,212],"The":[148,177],"SAC":[149],"designed":[152],"sigmoid":[156],"function":[157],"achieve":[159],"smoothness":[161],"process":[164],"allocating":[166],"authority":[168],"between":[169],"PPO":[171,208],"results":[178],"online":[180],"experiments":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"that":[184],"proposed":[186],"better":[189],"equipped":[190],"handle":[192],"scenarios,":[195],"exhibiting":[196],"superior":[197],"performance,":[198],"heightened":[199],"safety,":[200],"improved":[202],"user":[203],"experience":[204],"compared":[205],"This":[213],"study":[214],"holds":[215],"significant":[216],"value":[217],"advancing":[219],"practicality":[221],"providing":[225],"foundation":[227],"future":[229],"control.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}