{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409763290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3560792","title":"YOLO-RAW: Advancing UAV Detection With Robustness to Adverse Weather Conditions","display_name":"YOLO-RAW: Advancing UAV Detection With Robustness to Adverse Weather Conditions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409763290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3560792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3560792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3560792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111431098","display_name":"Adnan Munir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9629-4908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Munir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049326529","display_name":"Abdul Jabbar Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-598X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Jabbar Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems and Computer Engineering Department, SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems and Computer Engineering Department, SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037865550","display_name":"M. Shamim Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5906-9422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Shamim Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Chair of Pervasive and Mobile Computing, Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Research Chair of Pervasive and Mobile Computing and the Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Chair of Pervasive and Mobile Computing, Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Chair of Pervasive and Mobile Computing and the Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086020181","display_name":"Aiman H. El\u2010Maleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-0598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiman El-Maleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, the Information and Computer Science Department, and the IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, the Information and Computer Science Department, and the IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111431098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":40.0176,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9963448,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"7857","last_page":"7873"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7449111938476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-weather","display_name":"Adverse weather","score":0.7207252383232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4666234254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.42055636644363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3885756731033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.328215628862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.30483755469322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15657812356948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7449111938476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992147540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277161","display_name":"Adverse weather","level":2,"score":0.7207252383232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4666234254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.42055636644363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3885756731033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.328215628862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.30483755469322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15657812356948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3560792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3560792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2179352600","https://openalex.org/W2252355370","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2797804613","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2996890227","https://openalex.org/W2997508111","https://openalex.org/W3003273155","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3036934147","https://openalex.org/W3038211455","https://openalex.org/W3083017137","https://openalex.org/W3089146878","https://openalex.org/W3089809257","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3127753524","https://openalex.org/W3153216549","https://openalex.org/W3194236473","https://openalex.org/W3197799689","https://openalex.org/W3202618425","https://openalex.org/W3209875211","https://openalex.org/W3212314116","https://openalex.org/W4212815771","https://openalex.org/W4250521049","https://openalex.org/W4281487654","https://openalex.org/W4281790833","https://openalex.org/W4284969145","https://openalex.org/W4285253679","https://openalex.org/W4289861301","https://openalex.org/W4291465607","https://openalex.org/W4312233859","https://openalex.org/W4317727251","https://openalex.org/W4376456845","https://openalex.org/W4377141775","https://openalex.org/W4385805169","https://openalex.org/W4386075800","https://openalex.org/W4387491074","https://openalex.org/W4391097115","https://openalex.org/W4392517363","https://openalex.org/W4394862568","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6628973269","https://openalex.org/W6731892127","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6743731764","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6789018730","https://openalex.org/W6796538260","https://openalex.org/W6849535052","https://openalex.org/W6856055120","https://openalex.org/W6947681574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2730104357","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W2353693354","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W2488129135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,22,67,113,143,148,158,168,171],"widespread":[2],"adoption":[3],"of":[4,25,69,103,112,170],"unmanned":[5],"aerial":[6,13],"vehicles":[7],"(UAVs)":[8],"in":[9,28,95,117,178],"various":[10],"applications":[11],"(e.g.,":[12],"transportation,":[14],"traffic":[15],"monitoring),":[16],"there":[17],"have":[18,47,121],"been":[19,48],"apprehensions":[20],"regarding":[21],"associated":[23],"risks":[24],"employing":[26],"UAVs":[27,180],"both":[29],"civilian":[30],"and":[31,41,99,127,157,186],"military":[32],"contexts,":[33],"including":[34],"concerns":[35],"about":[36],"privacy":[37],"infringement,":[38],"safety":[39],"issues,":[40],"security":[42],"threats.":[43],"Although":[44],"several":[45],"methods":[46],"proposed":[49,114,172],"to":[50,106],"detect":[51],"UAVs,":[52],"a":[53,80,108,123],"pressing":[54],"open":[55],"challenge":[56],"is":[57],"posed":[58],"by":[59,134],"varying":[60],"adverse":[61,96,135,182],"weather":[62,97,136],"conditions":[63,98],"that":[64,91],"could":[65,188],"degrade":[66],"performance":[68,94],"many":[70],"existing":[71],"methods.":[72],"To":[73],"address":[74],"these":[75],"limitations,":[76],"this":[77],"work":[78],"proposes":[79],"YOLO-based":[81],"(You":[82],"Only":[83],"Look":[84],"Once)":[85],"novel":[86],"model,":[87],"<italic":[88],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[89],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">YOLO-RAW</i>":[90],"exhibits":[92],"improved":[93],"considers":[100],"different":[101],"scales":[102],"UAVs.":[104],"Furthermore,":[105],"facilitate":[107],"more":[109],"comprehensive":[110,165],"evaluation":[111],"model\u2019s":[115],"effectiveness":[116,169],"UAV":[118],"detection,":[119],"we":[120],"curated":[122],"complex":[124],"background":[125],"dataset":[126],"introduced":[128],"three":[129,139],"distinct":[130],"test":[131,140],"sets":[132,141],"affected":[133],"conditions.":[137,183],"These":[138],"comprise":[142],"Rainy":[144],"Test":[145,154,161],"Set":[146,155,162],"(RTS),":[147],"AWGN":[149],"(Additive":[150],"White":[151],"Gaussian":[152],"Noise)":[153],"(ATS),":[156],"Motion":[159],"Blurred":[160],"(MBTS).":[163],"The":[164,184],"experiments":[166],"demonstrate":[167],"YOLO-RAW":[173],"model":[174],"over":[175],"its":[176],"counterparts":[177],"detecting":[179],"under":[181],"code":[185],"datasets":[187],"be":[189],"found":[190],"at:":[191],"https://github.com/AdnanMunir338/YOLO-RAW.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
