{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411019601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3552011","title":"A Review of Computer Vision for Railways","display_name":"A Review of Computer Vision for Railways","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411019601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3552011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3552011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3552011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/bitstream/20.500.12907/52552/1/OLI2025a_postprintauteur.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061547381","display_name":"Bryan Olivier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4170-3883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130929987","display_name":"University of Mons","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnnz951","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Olivier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Theoretical Mechanics, Dynamics and Vibrations, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Theoretical Mechanics, Dynamics and Vibrations, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101991348","display_name":"Feng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-087X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109718","display_name":"Shandong Transportation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcts620","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718","https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026282390","display_name":"Yu Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8543-2774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000245183","display_name":"David P. Connolly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3950-8704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David P. Connolly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061547381"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130929987"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6359,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97968349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"7","first_page":"11034","last_page":"11065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9383999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9289000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4870172142982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.397991418838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37037327885627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36583250761032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3417341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32122498750686646}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4870172142982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.397991418838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37037327885627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36583250761032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3417341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32122498750686646}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3552011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3552011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:227879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.umons.ac.be:20.500.12907/52552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/handle/20.500.12907/52552","pdf_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/bitstream/20.500.12907/52552/1/OLI2025a_postprintauteur.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055454","display_name":"ORBi UMONS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1-32 (2025)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbi.umons.ac.be:20.500.12907/52552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/handle/20.500.12907/52552","pdf_url":"https://orbi.umons.ac.be/bitstream/20.500.12907/52552/1/OLI2025a_postprintauteur.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055454","display_name":"ORBi UMONS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1-32 (2025)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082826544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Postdoctoral","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2598651082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M761811","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2626896578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant Number:","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7582478746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023QE220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7933209309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52308457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320298","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","ror":"https://ror.org/03q83t159"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411019601.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411019601.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":180,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95284050","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1043992842","https://openalex.org/W1550924404","https://openalex.org/W1770158200","https://openalex.org/W1969569565","https://openalex.org/W1988688609","https://openalex.org/W1999663599","https://openalex.org/W2004226507","https://openalex.org/W2008158642","https://openalex.org/W2008317417","https://openalex.org/W2012986458","https://openalex.org/W2015531112","https://openalex.org/W2040483045","https://openalex.org/W2040638893","https://openalex.org/W2041239366","https://openalex.org/W2044494416","https://openalex.org/W2048281124","https://openalex.org/W2055591905","https://openalex.org/W2063045209","https://openalex.org/W2064333997","https://openalex.org/W2066307304","https://openalex.org/W2069261638","https://openalex.org/W2069747077","https://openalex.org/W2082695443","https://openalex.org/W2088600512","https://openalex.org/W2088974683","https://openalex.org/W2100576008","https://openalex.org/W2102848513","https://openalex.org/W2108548153","https://openalex.org/W2109799377","https://openalex.org/W2111503452","https://openalex.org/W2114946890","https://openalex.org/W2124369546","https://openalex.org/W2131122351","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2141834896","https://openalex.org/W2146944152","https://openalex.org/W2170599336","https://openalex.org/W2171219185","https://openalex.org/W2174009612","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2304549761","https://openalex.org/W2322168739","https://openalex.org/W2406523001","https://openalex.org/W2469994316","https://openalex.org/W2473522665","https://openalex.org/W2498422521","https://openalex.org/W2520170126","https://openalex.org/W2547446970","https://openalex.org/W2551473825","https://openalex.org/W2560172284","https://openalex.org/W2590624297","https://openalex.org/W2592396164","https://openalex.org/W2751772343","https://openalex.org/W2760287759","https://openalex.org/W2763205350","https://openalex.org/W2769096426","https://openalex.org/W2770740228","https://openalex.org/W2774244856","https://openalex.org/W2779227896","https://openalex.org/W2783496566","https://openalex.org/W2790914279","https://openalex.org/W2792663876","https://openalex.org/W2798060266","https://openalex.org/W2884308728","https://openalex.org/W2896097525","https://openalex.org/W2912130719","https://openalex.org/W2922265002","https://openalex.org/W2939355860","https://openalex.org/W2940865152","https://openalex.org/W2945463874","https://openalex.org/W2952242721","https://openalex.org/W2963068004","https://openalex.org/W2964122589","https://openalex.org/W2964135392","https://openalex.org/W2974032590","https://openalex.org/W2981066411","https://openalex.org/W2981409191","https://openalex.org/W2983351153","https://openalex.org/W2990559999","https://openalex.org/W2992481721","https://openalex.org/W2997441232","https://openalex.org/W3004908459","https://openalex.org/W3010533647","https://openalex.org/W3037921770","https://openalex.org/W3039379476","https://openalex.org/W3084953805","https://openalex.org/W3087408166","https://openalex.org/W3088228871","https://openalex.org/W3088602441","https://openalex.org/W3089996639","https://openalex.org/W3090359982","https://openalex.org/W3092600573","https://openalex.org/W3104340740","https://openalex.org/W3109298970","https://openalex.org/W3111669599","https://openalex.org/W3112938227","https://openalex.org/W3123535773","https://openalex.org/W3129040539","https://openalex.org/W3133820175","https://openalex.org/W3158630354","https://openalex.org/W3165219354","https://openalex.org/W3176188210","https://openalex.org/W3181721058","https://openalex.org/W3194013171","https://openalex.org/W3196806685","https://openalex.org/W3200496415","https://openalex.org/W3201119305","https://openalex.org/W3202041989","https://openalex.org/W3203704239","https://openalex.org/W3204295647","https://openalex.org/W3207348653","https://openalex.org/W3208736654","https://openalex.org/W3210589544","https://openalex.org/W3212379221","https://openalex.org/W3213206182","https://openalex.org/W3214675782","https://openalex.org/W3214703554","https://openalex.org/W4205221364","https://openalex.org/W4205752477","https://openalex.org/W4206597825","https://openalex.org/W4220687010","https://openalex.org/W4220727636","https://openalex.org/W4223625941","https://openalex.org/W4225113999","https://openalex.org/W4225323863","https://openalex.org/W4226027146","https://openalex.org/W4240529548","https://openalex.org/W4285079160","https://openalex.org/W4285503787","https://openalex.org/W4290719233","https://openalex.org/W4293069375","https://openalex.org/W4295857764","https://openalex.org/W4306836294","https://openalex.org/W4309005174","https://openalex.org/W4311425951","https://openalex.org/W4312222248","https://openalex.org/W4312226907","https://openalex.org/W4313479026","https://openalex.org/W4315567872","https://openalex.org/W4317583752","https://openalex.org/W4320913550","https://openalex.org/W4321093831","https://openalex.org/W4321506267","https://openalex.org/W4322007645","https://openalex.org/W4360615351","https://openalex.org/W4361222386","https://openalex.org/W4362558484","https://openalex.org/W4362654407","https://openalex.org/W4366177032","https://openalex.org/W4378805000","https://openalex.org/W4379881389","https://openalex.org/W4380324460","https://openalex.org/W4381158495","https://openalex.org/W4386322841","https://openalex.org/W4387306887","https://openalex.org/W4387469824","https://openalex.org/W4388037411","https://openalex.org/W4389466567","https://openalex.org/W4390748298","https://openalex.org/W4391535643","https://openalex.org/W4391718294","https://openalex.org/W4391831693","https://openalex.org/W4392235853","https://openalex.org/W4392372369","https://openalex.org/W4394623431","https://openalex.org/W4394951205","https://openalex.org/W4396592487","https://openalex.org/W4398202525","https://openalex.org/W4398788529","https://openalex.org/W4399333735","https://openalex.org/W4399800756","https://openalex.org/W4400251657","https://openalex.org/W4401064946","https://openalex.org/W4401869554","https://openalex.org/W4403676189","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6727574183","https://openalex.org/W6912421791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"railways":[1],"continue":[2],"to":[3,10,58,86,230],"strive":[4],"for":[5,16,61,96,135,159,177,195,269],"remote":[6],"and":[7,47,71,101,125,141,153,166,208,216,236,241,263,278],"automated":[8],"methods":[9],"improve":[11,40],"the":[12,42,64,75,88,91,94,99,108,130,173,181,187,196,221],"visual":[13],"inspection":[14],"procedures":[15],"their":[17],"assets.":[18],"In":[19],"some":[20],"cases,":[21],"these":[22],"inspections":[23],"provide":[24],"new":[25],"information":[26],"that":[27],"could":[28],"not":[29],"previously":[30],"be":[31],"collected,":[32],"while":[33],"in":[34,116,180],"other":[35,251],"cases":[36],"they":[37],"help":[38],"them":[39],"upon":[41],"quality":[43],"control,":[44],"safety,":[45],"time":[46],"costs":[48],"associated":[49,111],"with":[50,112,227,282],"manual":[51],"inspection.":[52],"As":[53],"such,":[54],"computer":[55,79,178,192],"vision":[56,80,179,193],"continues":[57],"find":[59],"applications":[60,176,228,252],"visually":[62],"inspecting":[63],"track,":[65],"earthworks,":[66],"tunnels,":[67],"overhead":[68,222],"line":[69,207,223],"equipment":[70,115,224],"rolling":[72],"stock.":[73],"Considering":[74],"recent":[76],"pace":[77],"of":[78,90,93,198,201,250],"related":[81,229],"developments,":[82],"this":[83],"paper":[84],"seeks":[85],"review":[87],"state":[89],"art":[92],"field":[95],"railways.":[97],"First,":[98],"hardware":[100],"data":[102],"requirements":[103],"are":[104,148,184,272],"discussed,":[105,149],"focusing":[106],"on":[107,205],"unique":[109],"challenges":[110],"operating":[113],"optical":[114],"a":[117],"railway":[118],"environment,":[119],"such":[120,253,274,286],"as":[121,254,275,287],"contamination,":[122],"power":[123],"sources":[124],"lighting.":[126],"This":[127,245],"also":[128],"discusses":[129],"most":[131,174],"common":[132,175],"mounting":[133],"arrangements":[134],"camera":[136],"hardware,":[137],"including":[138],"rolling-stock,":[139],"satellites":[140],"way-side":[142],"cameras.":[143],"Next,":[144,220],"image":[145],"processing":[146],"algorithms":[147],"comparing":[150],"classical":[151],"approaches":[152],"more":[154],"modern":[155],"artificial":[156],"intelligence":[157],"approaches,":[158],"example":[160],"You":[161],"Only":[162],"Look":[163],"Once":[164],"(YOLO)":[165],"Region-Based":[167],"Convolutional":[168],"Neural":[169],"Network":[170],"(R-CNN).":[171],"Then":[172],"rail":[182,202,255],"industry":[183],"analysed.":[185],"First":[186],"track":[188,213],"is":[189,225,246],"studied":[190],"considering":[191],"analysis":[194],"detection":[197],"different":[199],"types":[200],"surface":[203],"defects":[204],"plain":[206],"turnouts,":[209],"fastener":[210],"defects,":[211],"concrete":[212],"slab":[214],"cracking":[215],"ballast":[217],"particle":[218],"characterisation.":[219],"considered":[226],"detecting":[231],"contact":[232,237],"loss":[233],"between":[234],"pantograph":[235],"wire,":[238],"stagger":[239],"behaviour":[240],"defective":[242],"catenary":[243],"components.":[244],"followed":[247],"by":[248],"discussion":[249],"tunnelling":[256],"subsidence,":[257],"tunnel":[258],"inspection,":[259],"level":[260],"crossings,":[261],"trespass":[262],"on-track":[264],"safety":[265],"hazards.":[266],"Finally,":[267],"opportunities":[268],"future":[270],"research":[271],"discussed":[273],"hyperspectral":[276],"imaging":[277],"generative":[279],"AI,":[280],"along":[281],"possible":[283],"frontier":[284],"technologies":[285],"quantum":[288],"computing.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}