{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408859569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3550818","title":"MADFM: Multi-Layer Adaptive Driver Fatigue Monitoring Model Based on Steering Wheel Signals","display_name":"MADFM: Multi-Layer Adaptive Driver Fatigue Monitoring Model Based on Steering Wheel Signals","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408859569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3550818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3550818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3550818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jinglong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0055-9388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinglong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0055-9388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100786040","display_name":"Qiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6943-1093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6943-1093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077452531","display_name":"Zhangzhen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3472-4851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142539","display_name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing","ror":"https://ror.org/049jpjz09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangzhen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China","Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3472-4851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102791564","display_name":"Yu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5387-6249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142539","display_name":"Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing","ror":"https://ror.org/049jpjz09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China","Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation and Artificial Intelligence, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090228481","display_name":"Zikai Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-2366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zikai Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-2366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404130","display_name":"Qing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7930-2145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7930-2145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5482,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88728384,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"7","first_page":"10295","last_page":"10307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14304","display_name":"Transport Systems and Technology","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12907","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research","score":0.9537000060081482,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6041154265403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48515138030052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4763900637626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.4486277401447296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3899516463279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3304366171360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3197002410888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1771361231803894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6041154265403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48515138030052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4763900637626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4486277401447296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3899516463279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3304366171360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3197002410888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1771361231803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3550818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3550818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/217950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/217950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1322079000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSTB2023TIAD-STX0030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","funder_display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508363294","https://openalex.org/W1964981598","https://openalex.org/W2025623975","https://openalex.org/W2050107338","https://openalex.org/W2075000159","https://openalex.org/W2087016914","https://openalex.org/W2136857199","https://openalex.org/W2137897983","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2170131944","https://openalex.org/W2170498360","https://openalex.org/W2174958781","https://openalex.org/W2257511657","https://openalex.org/W2580118115","https://openalex.org/W2592810172","https://openalex.org/W2620129414","https://openalex.org/W2762779464","https://openalex.org/W2795547633","https://openalex.org/W2795890722","https://openalex.org/W2884735806","https://openalex.org/W2894341424","https://openalex.org/W2894818097","https://openalex.org/W2898644096","https://openalex.org/W2898665421","https://openalex.org/W2902226007","https://openalex.org/W2903024881","https://openalex.org/W2954333383","https://openalex.org/W2972942528","https://openalex.org/W2980695940","https://openalex.org/W3016099278","https://openalex.org/W3022298391","https://openalex.org/W3143551551","https://openalex.org/W3152478586","https://openalex.org/W3152811841","https://openalex.org/W3172040767","https://openalex.org/W3217272371","https://openalex.org/W4200149717","https://openalex.org/W4225246688","https://openalex.org/W4226329159","https://openalex.org/W4311166790","https://openalex.org/W4312975112","https://openalex.org/W4319999875","https://openalex.org/W4361281686","https://openalex.org/W4367146890","https://openalex.org/W4396214338","https://openalex.org/W4399436260","https://openalex.org/W6629862966","https://openalex.org/W6683381688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382087633","https://openalex.org/W2472798105","https://openalex.org/W2347572285","https://openalex.org/W2253485413","https://openalex.org/W3163241841","https://openalex.org/W2393127690","https://openalex.org/W2177576979","https://openalex.org/W3175944335","https://openalex.org/W2062829680","https://openalex.org/W2516638161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driver":[0],"fatigue":[1,16,35,48,152,212],"poses":[2],"a":[3,44,63,98,130],"serious":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,28,111,169],"road":[7],"safety.":[8],"Although":[9],"most":[10,204],"vehicles":[11],"are":[12],"equipped":[13],"with":[14,136],"driver":[15,47,223],"monitoring":[17,49,153,183,213,220],"models,":[18],"the":[19,29,54,113,147,150,162,203,208,211,219],"performance":[20,179,221],"of":[21,34,182,210,222],"existing":[22,137],"models":[23],"is":[24],"not":[25],"satisfactory":[26],"due":[27],"complexity":[30],"and":[31,85,134,187,198,229],"unclear":[32],"reliability":[33],"features.":[36],"To":[37],"address":[38],"these":[39],"issues,":[40],"this":[41],"study":[42],"proposed":[43],"multi-layer":[45],"adaptive":[46,75,87,100],"(MADFM)":[50],"model,":[51],"based":[52,79,92,105],"on":[53,80,93,106],"steering":[55,67,195],"wheel":[56,68,196],"signals":[57,69],"obtained":[58],"from":[59],"25":[60],"participants":[61],"in":[62,180],"driving":[64,227],"simulator.":[65],"The":[66,141,189],"were":[70,202],"sequentially":[71],"processed":[72],"through":[73],"an":[74,86],"window":[76],"partitioning":[77],"algorithm":[78,91,104,125,163,176],"sample":[81],"entropy,":[82],"feature":[83,101,115,138,166,172],"extraction,":[84],"outlier":[88,95],"point":[89],"removal":[90],"local":[94],"factor.":[96],"Finally,":[97],"multi-scale":[99],"selection":[102,139,173],"(AFS)":[103],"global-local":[107],"correlation":[108],"was":[109,126,158],"applied":[110],"obtain":[112],"optimal":[114],"set":[116],"<inline-formula":[117],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[118],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[119],"<tex-math":[120],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${D}":[121],"_{o}$":[122],"</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[123],"AFS":[124,148,175],"then":[127],"validated":[128],"using":[129,165],"random":[131],"forest":[132],"model":[133,216],"compared":[135],"algorithms.":[140],"results":[142,192],"showed":[143],"that":[144,194],"after":[145],"adopting":[146],"algorithm,":[149],"model\u2019s":[151],"accuracy":[154,209],"reached":[155],"93.71%,":[156],"which":[157],"10.21%":[159],"higher":[160],"than":[161],"without":[164],"selection.":[167],"Compared":[168],"four":[170],"common":[171],"algorithms,":[174],"demonstrated":[177],"superior":[178],"terms":[181],"accuracy,":[184],"precision,":[185],"recall":[186],"interpretability.":[188],"interpretability":[190],"analysis":[191],"revealed":[193],"angle":[197],"lateral":[199],"acceleration":[200],"features":[201,206],"sensitive":[205],"affecting":[207],"model.":[214],"This":[215],"could":[217],"improve":[218],"fatigue,":[224],"prompting":[225],"safer":[226],"behaviors,":[228],"reducing":[230],"traffic":[231],"accidents":[232],"risk.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}