{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406983017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","title":"The Road to Safe Automated Driving Systems: A Review of Methods Providing Safety Evidence","display_name":"The Road to Safe Automated Driving Systems: A Review of Methods Providing Safety Evidence","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406983017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3532684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089293467","display_name":"Magnus Gyllenhammar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9020-6501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086940","display_name":"Zenuity (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/000dpyn16","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086940"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Gyllenhammar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zenseact, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zenseact, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089228662","display_name":"Gabriel Rodrigues de Campos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-6915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086940","display_name":"Zenuity (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/000dpyn16","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086940"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Rodrigues de Campos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zenseact, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zenseact, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065527926","display_name":"Martin T\u00f6rngren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4300-885X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin T\u00f6rngren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechatronics Division, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechatronics Division, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089293467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.1754,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98595192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"4315","last_page":"4345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.5367224812507629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4976671040058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3923891484737396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5367224812507629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4976671040058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3923891484737396}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-359809","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359809","pdf_url":"https://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1936879/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3532684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G290035033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-02946","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330084","funder_display_name":"Research and Innovation Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330084","display_name":"Research and Innovation Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":169,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54183895","https://openalex.org/W81856713","https://openalex.org/W1493469784","https://openalex.org/W1895727713","https://openalex.org/W1905880774","https://openalex.org/W1975675278","https://openalex.org/W1979957085","https://openalex.org/W1997717271","https://openalex.org/W2017148352","https://openalex.org/W2051228755","https://openalex.org/W2063293367","https://openalex.org/W2069355026","https://openalex.org/W2097545165","https://openalex.org/W2101623441","https://openalex.org/W2102770351","https://openalex.org/W2115337128","https://openalex.org/W2145071552","https://openalex.org/W2156093990","https://openalex.org/W2243104636","https://openalex.org/W2328067583","https://openalex.org/W2438413413","https://openalex.org/W2508087128","https://openalex.org/W2509695072","https://openalex.org/W2510715855","https://openalex.org/W2522697351","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2561065014","https://openalex.org/W2576845151","https://openalex.org/W2726116480","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2765486331","https://openalex.org/W2767600304","https://openalex.org/W2773996825","https://openalex.org/W2783159937","https://openalex.org/W2789655946","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2809895662","https://openalex.org/W2883773876","https://openalex.org/W2886168462","https://openalex.org/W2886212664","https://openalex.org/W2891294576","https://openalex.org/W2896054080","https://openalex.org/W2896214412","https://openalex.org/W2901393860","https://openalex.org/W2901525391","https://openalex.org/W2904011892","https://openalex.org/W2904039327","https://openalex.org/W2905481928","https://openalex.org/W2915865192","https://openalex.org/W2920107241","https://openalex.org/W2947723314","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963184890","https://openalex.org/W2968120782","https://openalex.org/W2969749685","https://openalex.org/W2970699259","https://openalex.org/W2970858908","https://openalex.org/W2970963308","https://openalex.org/W2985495028","https://openalex.org/W2987375645","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W2988018738","https://openalex.org/W2991501130","https://openalex.org/W3002974307","https://openalex.org/W3005856724","https://openalex.org/W3005990397","https://openalex.org/W3007511435","https://openalex.org/W3009285402","https://openalex.org/W3010764092","https://openalex.org/W3017469871","https://openalex.org/W3017682360","https://openalex.org/W3024414633","https://openalex.org/W3031993934","https://openalex.org/W3046520285","https://openalex.org/W3047645678","https://openalex.org/W3049580054","https://openalex.org/W3080690578","https://openalex.org/W3081289794","https://openalex.org/W3083765321","https://openalex.org/W3093508452","https://openalex.org/W3110281108","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3118743384","https://openalex.org/W3118900686","https://openalex.org/W3122875934","https://openalex.org/W3126838487","https://openalex.org/W3128361157","https://openalex.org/W3131792671","https://openalex.org/W3146530745","https://openalex.org/W3152331843","https://openalex.org/W3154055073","https://openalex.org/W3164817606","https://openalex.org/W3171142246","https://openalex.org/W3175576298","https://openalex.org/W3190994148","https://openalex.org/W3192870871","https://openalex.org/W3210687381","https://openalex.org/W3217421338","https://openalex.org/W4205178436","https://openalex.org/W4206087398","https://openalex.org/W4224244003","https://openalex.org/W4224276162","https://openalex.org/W4225349279","https://openalex.org/W4225524751","https://openalex.org/W4225679458","https://openalex.org/W4226239849","https://openalex.org/W4226316432","https://openalex.org/W4234266781","https://openalex.org/W4238023657","https://openalex.org/W4243335696","https://openalex.org/W4245587674","https://openalex.org/W4280505442","https://openalex.org/W4285784304","https://openalex.org/W4286285648","https://openalex.org/W4289792821","https://openalex.org/W4295406716","https://openalex.org/W4300089355","https://openalex.org/W4313064694","https://openalex.org/W4320710053","https://openalex.org/W4328026581","https://openalex.org/W4353056919","https://openalex.org/W4360868502","https://openalex.org/W4376166839","https://openalex.org/W4379093295","https://openalex.org/W4386558753","https://openalex.org/W4386712148","https://openalex.org/W4386717379","https://openalex.org/W4387538285","https://openalex.org/W4387951757","https://openalex.org/W4388904102","https://openalex.org/W4390746271","https://openalex.org/W4401015223","https://openalex.org/W6631142106","https://openalex.org/W6632221808","https://openalex.org/W6634634799","https://openalex.org/W6653082045","https://openalex.org/W6677863286","https://openalex.org/W6728622933","https://openalex.org/W6741730810","https://openalex.org/W6743190024","https://openalex.org/W6743333067","https://openalex.org/W6744086685","https://openalex.org/W6745616144","https://openalex.org/W6745891213","https://openalex.org/W6749587269","https://openalex.org/W6752515902","https://openalex.org/W6753677188","https://openalex.org/W6773189760","https://openalex.org/W6774844435","https://openalex.org/W6781156675","https://openalex.org/W6784323503","https://openalex.org/W6785193527","https://openalex.org/W6787266491","https://openalex.org/W6789840708","https://openalex.org/W6791867472","https://openalex.org/W6794982147","https://openalex.org/W6800540672","https://openalex.org/W6801957985","https://openalex.org/W6802948863","https://openalex.org/W6803166073","https://openalex.org/W6811480783","https://openalex.org/W6844966036","https://openalex.org/W6846433620","https://openalex.org/W6851063311","https://openalex.org/W6874147258","https://openalex.org/W6907474038","https://openalex.org/W6922373700","https://openalex.org/W6922444467","https://openalex.org/W6963979101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"enormous":[3],"investments":[4],"in":[5,147,154],"Automated":[6],"Driving":[7],"Systems":[8],"(ADSs)":[9],"have":[10,35,110,134],"distinctly":[11],"advanced":[12],"ADS":[13,34,182],"technologies.":[14],"Despite":[15],"promises":[16],"made":[17],"by":[18],"several":[19],"high":[20],"profile":[21],"auto-makers,":[22],"it":[23],"has":[24],"however":[25],"become":[26],"clear":[27],"that":[28],"the":[29,63,73,94,101,151,155,165,168,172,177,181,185,229,232,243,248,251],"challenges":[30,96,188],"involved":[31],"for":[32,53,86,176,225],"deploying":[33],"been":[36],"drastically":[37],"underestimated.":[38],"Contrary":[39],"to":[40,60,79,100,189,247],"previous":[41],"generations":[42],"of":[43,69,75,83,103,119,157,167,174,194,207,219,231,236,242,250],"automotive":[44],"systems,":[45],"common":[46],"design,":[47],"development,":[48],"verification":[49,123],"and":[50,66,97,124,130,136,149,171,199,213,223,239],"validation":[51,125],"methods":[52,85,153],"safety":[54,88,144,209],"critical":[55,145],"systems":[56,146],"do":[57],"not":[58],"suffice":[59],"cope":[61],"with":[62,245],"increased":[64],"complexity":[65,249],"operational":[67,169],"uncertainties":[68,166],"an":[70,81],"ADS.":[71,252],"Therefore,":[72],"aim":[74],"this":[76,107],"paper":[77],"is":[78,197],"provide":[80],"understanding":[82],"existing":[84],"providing":[87],"evidence":[89],"and,":[90],"most":[91,186],"importantly,":[92],"identifying":[93],"associated":[95],"gaps":[98,196],"pertaining":[99],"use":[102],"each":[104],"method.":[105],"To":[106],"end,":[108],"we":[109],"performed":[111],"a":[112,192],"literature":[113],"review,":[114],"articulated":[115],"around":[116],"four":[117],"categories":[118],"methods:":[120],"design":[121],"techniques,":[122],"methods,":[126,164],"run-time":[127,131],"risk":[128],"assessment,":[129],"(self-)adaptation.":[132],"We":[133],"identified":[135],"present":[137],"eight":[138,159],"challenges,":[139],"collectively":[140],"distinguishing":[141],"ADSs":[142],"from":[143],"general,":[148],"discuss":[150],"reviewed":[152,163],"light":[156],"these":[158],"challenges.":[160],"For":[161],"all":[162],"environment":[170],"allocation":[173],"responsibility":[175,227],"driving":[178],"task":[179],"on":[180,228],"stand-out":[183],"as":[184],"difficult":[187],"address.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"set":[193],"research":[195],"identified,":[198],"grouped":[200],"into":[201],"five":[202],"major":[203],"themes:":[204],"1)":[205],"completeness":[206],"provided":[208],"evidence,":[210],"2)":[211],"improvements":[212],"analysis":[214],"needs,":[215],"3)":[216],"safe":[217],"collection":[218],"closed":[220],"loop":[221],"data":[222],"accounting":[224],"tactical":[226],"part":[230],"ADS,":[233],"4)":[234],"integration":[235],"AI/ML-based":[237],"components,":[238],"5)":[240],"scalability":[241],"approaches":[244],"respect":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
