{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406522105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3525638","title":"Synthetic Image Generation Model for Intelligent Vehicle Camera Function Testing in Rain and Fog","display_name":"Synthetic Image Generation Model for Intelligent Vehicle Camera Function Testing in Rain and Fog","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406522105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3525638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3525638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3525638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025916705","display_name":"Bing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-4040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109768925","display_name":"Yinzi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0223-4553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinzi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065633853","display_name":"Jian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-6836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007580996","display_name":"Peixing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-0977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peixing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067638780","display_name":"Jiayi Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-0782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064254489","display_name":"Dongjian Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738231","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00b67z867","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongjian Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025916705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4392738231"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4866,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91610383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"5332","last_page":"5347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9114999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9114999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7136826515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6491013169288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5749320387840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5492286682128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5406915545463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.47039803862571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3256221413612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32187432050704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2684718072414398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13094285130500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.09069174528121948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7136826515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6491013169288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5749320387840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5492286682128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5406915545463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.47039803862571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3256221413612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32187432050704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2684718072414398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13094285130500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.09069174528121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3525638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3525638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2669161621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2503402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3380453823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52402496","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G670047387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8680689415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"524B2163","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1674505557","https://openalex.org/W1965572510","https://openalex.org/W2041799877","https://openalex.org/W2045276693","https://openalex.org/W2048184102","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2119535410","https://openalex.org/W2128254161","https://openalex.org/W2137031670","https://openalex.org/W2163146621","https://openalex.org/W2173061887","https://openalex.org/W2177195834","https://openalex.org/W2179375492","https://openalex.org/W2378317548","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2563763605","https://openalex.org/W2769526624","https://openalex.org/W2903805790","https://openalex.org/W2919234133","https://openalex.org/W2921469264","https://openalex.org/W2955639361","https://openalex.org/W2963041685","https://openalex.org/W2989924675","https://openalex.org/W3177235959","https://openalex.org/W4205977910","https://openalex.org/W4241214195","https://openalex.org/W4281492910","https://openalex.org/W4293149318","https://openalex.org/W4298004595","https://openalex.org/W4312576316","https://openalex.org/W4313854933","https://openalex.org/W4321456783","https://openalex.org/W4362684667","https://openalex.org/W4367309555","https://openalex.org/W4382468166","https://openalex.org/W4386270566","https://openalex.org/W4387092319","https://openalex.org/W4389086140","https://openalex.org/W4390873048","https://openalex.org/W4390964139","https://openalex.org/W4393007158","https://openalex.org/W4394596488","https://openalex.org/W4399428306","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6857318606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W1983126463","https://openalex.org/W2085738998","https://openalex.org/W2095126257","https://openalex.org/W2304716576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"ensure":[1],"that":[2,180,221],"the":[3,26,49,56,64,75,83,88,95,100,108,129,139,146,182,199,205,222,233],"camera":[4],"functions":[5],"(CFs)":[6],"of":[7,66,78,181],"intelligent":[8],"vehicles":[9],"can":[10],"operate":[11],"normally":[12],"in":[13,158],"rain":[14,39,50,155],"and":[15,40,69,87,111,123,133,156,166,186,191,208,228,236,242],"fog,":[16],"sufficient":[17],"tests":[18],"for":[19,43],"CFs":[20,162],"are":[21,92,142],"indispensable.":[22],"In":[23,72],"this":[24,73],"work,":[25],"synthetic":[27,164,188,210],"image":[28,89,131,159],"generation":[29],"model":[30,59,85,97,103,118],"(SIGM)":[31],"is":[32,60,80,104,151,177],"proposed":[33,61,223],"to":[34,37,47,106,119,144,213],"generate":[35],"images":[36,165],"synthesize":[38,48,107],"fog":[41,109,134,147,157],"effects":[42,52,91],"testing":[44,161,231,245],"CFs.":[45],"First,":[46],"blur":[51],"on":[53,63,138],"raw":[54],"images,":[55],"geometric-physical":[57],"fusion":[58],"based":[62,137],"properties":[65],"raindrop":[67],"microparticles":[68],"vehicle":[70],"features.":[71],"model,":[74,127],"position":[76],"distribution":[77],"raindrops":[79],"determined":[81],"by":[82,94,196],"geometric":[84],"part,":[86],"pixel":[90],"realized":[93],"physical":[96],"part.":[98],"Second,":[99],"atmospheric":[101],"scattering":[102],"used":[105,143],"effect":[110],"contains":[112],"two":[113],"parts:":[114],"an":[115],"airlight":[116,121],"estimation":[117,126],"estimate":[120],"values":[122],"a":[124],"transmittance":[125],"where":[128],"corrected":[130],"depth":[132],"microphysical":[135],"information":[136],"Mie":[140],"theory":[141],"determine":[145],"transmittance.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"SIGM":[150,175,197,224],"validated":[152],"through":[153],"real":[154,200,247],"quality,":[160],"with":[163,174],"videos.":[167],"The":[168,217],"result":[169],"absolute":[170],"error":[171],"sum":[172],"obtained":[173],"(0.45)":[176],"smaller":[178],"than":[179,230,244],"simulation":[183,206,234],"software":[184,207],"(0.57)":[185],"another":[187,209],"method":[189,211],"(0.65),":[190],"all":[192],"unrecognized":[193],"targets":[194],"identified":[195],"match":[198],"test":[201,215],"results,":[202],"whereas":[203],"both":[204],"fail":[212],"accurately":[214],"CF.":[216],"experimental":[218],"results":[219],"indicate":[220],"has":[225,237],"higher":[226,238],"authenticity":[227],"reliability":[229],"using":[232,246],"platform":[235],"efficiency,":[239],"controllability,":[240],"repeatability,":[241],"safety":[243],"vehicle.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
