{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404469341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3493452","title":"A Novel Homomorphic Blockchain Scheme for Intelligent Transport Services in Fog/Cloud and IoT Networks","display_name":"A Novel Homomorphic Blockchain Scheme for Intelligent Transport Services in Fog/Cloud and IoT Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404469341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3493452"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3493452","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3493452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022185985","display_name":"Abdullah Lakhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1833-1364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Lakhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ubiquitous Computing Technology Laboratory, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ubiquitous Computing Technology Laboratory, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110552965","display_name":"Tor-Morten Groenli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tor-Morten Groenli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ubiquitous Computing Technology Laboratory, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ubiquitous Computing Technology Laboratory, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049269026","display_name":"Huaming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-9973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101605509","display_name":"Muhammad Younas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-7843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Younas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084177841","display_name":"Gheorghi\u021b\u0103 Ghinea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2578-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Ghinea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brunel University of London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brunel University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022185985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2963,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91255984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"1914","last_page":"1929"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9452000260353088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9452000260353088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14139","display_name":"E-commerce and Technology Innovations","score":0.9146000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.911300003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9543317556381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7787227630615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7576164603233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6634626388549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6105716228485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5836745500564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.5572119951248169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog-computing","display_name":"Fog computing","score":0.5385651588439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4674464464187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38258785009384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.37560224533081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18472212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.10738736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.09751835465431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09688675403594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07339969277381897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9543317556381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7787227630615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7576164603233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6634626388549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6105716228485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5836745500564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5572119951248169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986652147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931","display_name":"Fog computing","level":3,"score":0.5385651588439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4674464464187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38258785009384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37560224533081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18472212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.10738736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.09751835465431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09688675403594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07339969277381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3493452","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3493452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:tle:d9c7653a-88f0-41cb-b428-ba8cc07cf3b6:afee126f-04b2-41a9-a6dd-b29b7c6c20ab:1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/d9c7653a-88f0-41cb-b428-ba8cc07cf3b6/1/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400541","display_name":"Radar (Oxford Brookes University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","host_organization_name":"Oxford Brookes University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"A Novel Homomorphic Blockchain Scheme for Intelligent Transport Services in Fog/Cloud and IoT Networks","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1072676957","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22ZYYYJC00020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","funder_display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1701530494","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22ZYYYJC00020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335843","funder_display_name":"Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3217002595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8068717650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335843","display_name":"Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2974110037","https://openalex.org/W3016029832","https://openalex.org/W3032743124","https://openalex.org/W3037964625","https://openalex.org/W3039294851","https://openalex.org/W3039902577","https://openalex.org/W3086248004","https://openalex.org/W3118370171","https://openalex.org/W3158690073","https://openalex.org/W3162648243","https://openalex.org/W3172555720","https://openalex.org/W3173693125","https://openalex.org/W3173905557","https://openalex.org/W3196878063","https://openalex.org/W3198738210","https://openalex.org/W3200032416","https://openalex.org/W3201624531","https://openalex.org/W4205383771","https://openalex.org/W4205946471","https://openalex.org/W4206175012","https://openalex.org/W4206668124","https://openalex.org/W4225537039","https://openalex.org/W4285278704","https://openalex.org/W4285507608","https://openalex.org/W4286470533","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4308516354","https://openalex.org/W4313149364","https://openalex.org/W4316498008","https://openalex.org/W4318485015","https://openalex.org/W4362565715","https://openalex.org/W4377205861","https://openalex.org/W4380682691","https://openalex.org/W4383552327","https://openalex.org/W4387623685","https://openalex.org/W4389692288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W4285553818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"smart":[1],"city":[2],"services":[3,34,49],"necessitate":[4],"complex":[5],"technological":[6],"infrastructure":[7,25],"with":[8],"heterogeneous":[9,23],"compute":[10],"servers,":[11],"networks,":[12],"and":[13,50,65,68,82,93,99,115,126,149,156,168,188],"communication":[14,83,90],"protocols.":[15],"However,":[16],"there":[17],"are":[18,129],"many":[19],"research":[20],"issues":[21,77],"in":[22,35,197],"computing":[24],"for":[26],"Intelligent":[27],"transport":[28,161,198],"systems":[29],"(ITS)":[30],"when":[31],"using":[32,170],"the":[33,36,39,59,75,89,142,146,151,163,181],"network.":[37],"Therefore,":[38],"main":[40],"objective":[41],"of":[42,58,61,78,91,145,195],"this":[43,72],"paper":[44,73],"is":[45,166],"to":[46,131,178],"intelligent":[47],"transportation":[48],"their":[51],"underlying":[52],"infrastructure,":[53],"built":[54],"on":[55,103],"an":[56,192],"amalgamation":[57],"Internet":[60],"Things":[62],"(IoT),":[63],"cloud":[64],"fog":[66],"computing,":[67],"associated":[69],"technologies.":[70],"Specifically,":[71],"investigates":[74],"challenging":[76],"security,":[79],"processing":[80,186],"costs,":[81],"delays":[84,189],"that":[85,140],"frequently":[86],"occur":[87],"during":[88],"data":[92,157],"messages.":[94],"We":[95,135],"propose":[96],"novel,":[97],"secure,":[98],"cost-effective":[100],"schemes":[101,148],"based":[102],"blockchain-assisted":[104],"homomorphic":[105],"encryption":[106],"techniques.":[107],"A":[108],"Secure,":[109],"Cost-Optimal":[110],"Workload":[111],"Assignment":[112],"(SCWA)":[113],"algorithm":[114],"a":[116,137],"blockchain":[117],"scheme":[118],"made":[119],"possible":[120],"by":[121],"Partially":[122],"Hashing":[123],"Homomorphic":[124],"Encryption":[125],"Decryption":[127],"(PHHE/D)":[128],"designed":[130],"distribute":[132],"workload":[133],"efficiently.":[134],"developed":[136],"simulator,":[138],"MOTEL,":[139],"simulates":[141],"different":[143],"functions":[144],"proposed":[147,164,182],"all":[150],"necessary":[152],"components.":[153],"Using":[154],"MOTEL":[155],"sets":[158],"from":[159],"real":[160],"companies,":[162],"approach":[165,183],"tested":[167],"evaluated":[169],"various":[171],"experiments.":[172],"The":[173],"results":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"that,":[176],"compared":[177],"existing":[179],"solutions,":[180],"significantly":[184],"reduces":[185],"costs":[187],"while":[190],"maintaining":[191],"appropriate":[193],"level":[194],"security":[196],"services.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}