{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402891763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3438875","title":"Image-Based Beam Tracking With Deep Learning for mmWave V2I Communication Systems","display_name":"Image-Based Beam Tracking With Deep Learning for mmWave V2I Communication Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402891763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3438875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3438875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3438875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087048721","display_name":"Weizhi Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-8065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhi Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-8065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431567","display_name":"Lulu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3747-5483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lulu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108991831","display_name":"Haowen Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haowen Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0707-9078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352249","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-6055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-6055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082333178","display_name":"Qiuming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-5970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-5970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101296976","display_name":"Yi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9341-969X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9341-969X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077920050","display_name":"Farman Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-9831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145034","display_name":"Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ke3vc41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145034"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farman Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Qurtuba University of Science and IT, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qurtuba University of Science and IT, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101503854","display_name":"Zhipeng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-3668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055895651","display_name":"Kai Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-0520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-0520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010254431","display_name":"T.S. Durrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8813-6118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329254379","display_name":"National Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03bdhq605","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329254379","https://openalex.org/I197604219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq S. Durrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K., also with the National Academy of Engineering, Seattle, WA 98195 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8813-6118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K., also with the National Academy of Engineering, Seattle, WA 98195 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329254379","https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78051669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"11","first_page":"19110","last_page":"19116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6659799814224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6097670197486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5516829490661621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5479313731193542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.49805498123168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4620802402496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.41941478848457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4109658896923065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3557053804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28432559967041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2475324273109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19343990087509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17369681596755981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09764179587364197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6659799814224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6097670197486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5516829490661621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5479313731193542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.49805498123168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4620802402496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.41941478848457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4109658896923065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3557053804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28432559967041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2475324273109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19343990087509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17369681596755981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09764179587364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3438875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3438875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4528712221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8686241432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20211182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984114931","https://openalex.org/W2035330915","https://openalex.org/W2492906440","https://openalex.org/W2555593130","https://openalex.org/W2614851539","https://openalex.org/W2725352688","https://openalex.org/W2785517842","https://openalex.org/W2793483062","https://openalex.org/W2898434483","https://openalex.org/W2919984499","https://openalex.org/W2951145066","https://openalex.org/W2964226499","https://openalex.org/W3045822555","https://openalex.org/W3132896374","https://openalex.org/W3152221821","https://openalex.org/W3168041106","https://openalex.org/W3180502848","https://openalex.org/W3207128153","https://openalex.org/W4315783169","https://openalex.org/W4323896650","https://openalex.org/W6639841753","https://openalex.org/W6801239217"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394134009","https://openalex.org/W1971984615","https://openalex.org/W2046099857","https://openalex.org/W2806679586","https://openalex.org/W4315836311","https://openalex.org/W2393252924","https://openalex.org/W2787600244","https://openalex.org/W2186532442","https://openalex.org/W2354867839","https://openalex.org/W2095056275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Effective":[0],"beam":[1,33,45,84,95],"alignment":[2],"is":[3,47],"essential":[4],"for":[5],"vehicle-to-infrastructure":[6],"(V2I)":[7],"millimeter":[8],"wave":[9],"(mmWave)":[10],"communication":[11],"systems,":[12],"particularly":[13],"in":[14,101],"high-mobility":[15],"vehicle":[16,24],"scenarios.":[17],"This":[18],"paper":[19],"explores":[20],"a":[21,28],"three-dimensional":[22],"(3D)":[23],"environment":[25],"and":[26,66,70,105],"introduces":[27],"novel":[29],"deep":[30],"learning":[31],"(DL)-based":[32],"search":[34,46,96],"method":[35,97],"that":[36,92],"incorporates":[37],"an":[38,50],"image-based":[39],"coding":[40],"(IBC)":[41],"technique.":[42],"The":[43],"mmWave":[44],"approached":[48],"as":[49],"image":[51,79],"processing":[52],"problem":[53],"based":[54],"on":[55],"situational":[56],"awareness.":[57],"We":[58],"propose":[59],"IBC":[60],"to":[61,76,108],"leverage":[62],"the":[63,78,82,93],"locations,":[64],"sizes,":[65],"information":[67],"of":[68,103],"vehicles,":[69],"utilize":[71],"convolutional":[72],"neural":[73],"network":[74],"(CNN)":[75],"train":[77],"dataset.":[80],"Consequently,":[81],"optimal":[83],"pair":[85],"index(BPI)can":[86],"be":[87],"determined.":[88],"Simulation":[89],"results":[90],"demonstrate":[91],"proposed":[94],"achieves":[98],"satisfactory":[99],"performance":[100],"terms":[102],"accuracy":[104],"robustness":[106],"compared":[107],"conventional":[109],"methods.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
