{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401357138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3436015","title":"Crack-U<sup>2</sup>Net: Multiscale Feature Learning Network for Pavement Crack Detection From Large-Scale MLS Point Clouds","display_name":"Crack-U<sup>2</sup>Net: Multiscale Feature Learning Network for Pavement Crack Detection From Large-Scale MLS Point Clouds","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401357138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3436015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3436015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3436015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039949283","display_name":"Huifang Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-698X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huifang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084025577","display_name":"Wen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4499-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032270954","display_name":"Lingfei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8893-9693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137867983","display_name":"Central University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/008e3hf02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics and Mathematics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374691","display_name":"Yiping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035056634","display_name":"Haiyan Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-8721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyan Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065937604","display_name":"Yongtao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7204-9346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153869","display_name":"Huaiyin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0555ezg60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongtao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071340024","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Marcato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9096-6866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122558511","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/0366d2847","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122558511"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Marcato Junior","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122558511"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613889","display_name":"Jonathan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-0049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039949283"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5615,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88740041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"11","first_page":"17952","last_page":"17964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6271969079971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5559106469154358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.49998927116394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4999351501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4938972592353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.48979926109313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4817381203174591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1284276247024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12129437923431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.08949604630470276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6271969079971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5559106469154358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.49998927116394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4999351501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4938972592353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.48979926109313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4817381203174591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1284276247024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12129437923431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08949604630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3436015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3436015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1614057970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101451","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2013456745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8359015589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42371343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2005029343","https://openalex.org/W2010308265","https://openalex.org/W2011041260","https://openalex.org/W2019496031","https://openalex.org/W2027251975","https://openalex.org/W2061850396","https://openalex.org/W2068744284","https://openalex.org/W2074925468","https://openalex.org/W2132239597","https://openalex.org/W2139591342","https://openalex.org/W2144185616","https://openalex.org/W2144801789","https://openalex.org/W2218762953","https://openalex.org/W2407692387","https://openalex.org/W2514937703","https://openalex.org/W2588612844","https://openalex.org/W2748643398","https://openalex.org/W2752810206","https://openalex.org/W2808673819","https://openalex.org/W2814406141","https://openalex.org/W2893713665","https://openalex.org/W2899242765","https://openalex.org/W2912530595","https://openalex.org/W2964308596","https://openalex.org/W2970826166","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W3011200270","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3016600231","https://openalex.org/W3021999445","https://openalex.org/W3022492425","https://openalex.org/W3023248403","https://openalex.org/W3025800305","https://openalex.org/W3100435238","https://openalex.org/W3111553838","https://openalex.org/W3129491111","https://openalex.org/W3189999916","https://openalex.org/W3200966602","https://openalex.org/W4200187634","https://openalex.org/W4211111745","https://openalex.org/W4281565616","https://openalex.org/W4281696822","https://openalex.org/W4309741868","https://openalex.org/W4324357141","https://openalex.org/W4392351523","https://openalex.org/W6684323423","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6763422710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3016928466","https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W2912321008","https://openalex.org/W2936725271","https://openalex.org/W1998607122","https://openalex.org/W3150655618","https://openalex.org/W3108295644","https://openalex.org/W4282934273","https://openalex.org/W39961996","https://openalex.org/W2045577599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning-based":[1],"algorithms":[2],"detect":[3],"pavement":[4,52,111,116],"cracks":[5],"in":[6,85,88],"an":[7,140],"end-to-end":[8],"manner":[9],"from":[10],"Mobile":[11],"Laser":[12],"Scanning":[13],"(MLS)":[14],"point":[15,124],"clouds,":[16],"achieving":[17,139],"impressive":[18],"results.":[19],"However,":[20],"the":[21,33,41,71,93,110,115,121,128,136],"accuracy":[22,130,153],"of":[23,35,73,95,133,154],"existing":[24],"methods":[25],"still":[26],"has":[27],"room":[28],"to":[29,32,91,108],"improve":[30],"due":[31],"difficulty":[34],"effectively":[36],"encoding":[37],"multiscale":[38,75],"features":[39,76],"and":[40,81,131,152,158],"limited":[42],"training":[43,97],"data.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,99],"propose":[49,100],"a":[50,60,101],"novel":[51],"crack":[53],"detection":[54],"framework,":[55],"Crack-U2Net,":[56],"which":[57],"innovatively":[58],"incorporates":[59],"two-level":[61],"nested":[62],"U-Net":[63],"architecture":[64],"for":[65],"feature":[66],"learning.":[67],"This":[68],"design":[69],"enables":[70],"learning":[72],"intra-stage":[74],"without":[77],"introducing":[78],"significant":[79],"memory":[80],"computation":[82],"costs,":[83],"resulting":[84],"substantial":[86],"improvements":[87],"accuracy.":[89],"Moreover,":[90],"solve":[92],"challenge":[94],"insufficient":[96],"data,":[98],"Geometry-based":[102],"Data":[103],"Augmentation":[104],"(GDA)":[105],"strategy,":[106],"aiming":[107],"expand":[109],"dataset":[112,126],"while":[113],"preserving":[114],"geometry.":[117],"Extensive":[118],"experiments":[119],"on":[120],"Qinghai-Tibet":[122],"Highway":[123],"cloud":[125],"demonstrate":[127],"higher":[129],"efficiency":[132],"Crack-U2Net":[134],"over":[135],"state-of-the-art":[137],"methods,":[138],"average":[141],"precision,":[142],"recall,":[143],"F<inline-formula":[144],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[146],"<tex-math":[147],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1\\text":[148],"-":[149],"$":[150],"</tex-math></inline-formula>score,":[151],"83.8%,":[155],"77.6%,":[156],"80.1%,":[157],"95.8%,":[159],"respectively.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2024-08-07T00:00:00"}
