{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400447496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3418864","title":"A Scalable Approach to Detecting Safety Requirements Inconsistencies for Railway Systems","display_name":"A Scalable Approach to Detecting Safety Requirements Inconsistencies for Railway Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400447496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3418864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3418864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3418864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-04750626","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102888742","display_name":"Xiaohong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-6659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-6659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049100391","display_name":"Zhi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-226X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-226X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402983","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-2902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-2902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090695840","display_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Mallet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-9821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Mallet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, i3s, Nice, France","KAIROS - Logical Time for Formal Embedded System Design (2004 route des Lucioles BP 93 06902 Sophia Antipolis - France)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-9821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, i3s, Nice, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIROS - Logical Time for Formal Embedded System Design (2004 route des Lucioles BP 93 06902 Sophia Antipolis - France)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101611250","display_name":"Xiaoshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2373-9089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101844003","display_name":"Tingliang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-8025"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingliang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["CASCO Signal Ltd., Shanghai, China","Casco Signal Ltd [Shanghai] (Unit C/D, 27/F, Kaixuanmen Mansion\r\n428 Tianmu Zhonglu\r\nShanghai, 200070 - China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CASCO Signal Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Casco Signal Ltd [Shanghai] (Unit C/D, 27/F, Kaixuanmen Mansion\r\n428 Tianmu Zhonglu\r\nShanghai, 200070 - China)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75335952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"8","first_page":"8375","last_page":"8386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6349464058876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6073411703109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.37410447001457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34533703327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3058900833129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11215096712112427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6349464058876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6073411703109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.37410447001457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34533703327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3058900833129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11215096712112427}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3418864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3418864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04750626v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-04750626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2024, 25 (8), pp.8375-8386. ⟨10.1109/TITS.2024.3418864⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04750626v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-04750626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2024, 25 (8), pp.8375-8386. ⟨10.1109/TITS.2024.3418864⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3446613798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62192730","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5482656022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62192731","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5708732047","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1491420805","https://openalex.org/W1576418322","https://openalex.org/W1727725625","https://openalex.org/W1905633610","https://openalex.org/W1949723230","https://openalex.org/W1962072139","https://openalex.org/W1996832037","https://openalex.org/W2044856809","https://openalex.org/W2072082216","https://openalex.org/W2087418187","https://openalex.org/W2125708466","https://openalex.org/W2129289644","https://openalex.org/W2152506470","https://openalex.org/W2271800372","https://openalex.org/W2478561684","https://openalex.org/W2605316066","https://openalex.org/W2617085517","https://openalex.org/W2759347564","https://openalex.org/W2773373365","https://openalex.org/W2888499192","https://openalex.org/W2888813891","https://openalex.org/W2925604206","https://openalex.org/W2955537307","https://openalex.org/W2992540374","https://openalex.org/W2993587011","https://openalex.org/W3016319177","https://openalex.org/W3092465091","https://openalex.org/W4206949150","https://openalex.org/W4229680087","https://openalex.org/W4388469891","https://openalex.org/W6635241810","https://openalex.org/W6764946874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1982914007","https://openalex.org/W2159583675","https://openalex.org/W1824242903","https://openalex.org/W1493858311","https://openalex.org/W2155470929","https://openalex.org/W2111125783","https://openalex.org/W2394465510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dealing":[0],"with":[1],"the":[2,23,66,89,95,99,126],"ever-growing":[3],"complexity":[4],"of":[5,31,53,94,130],"railway":[6,32,54],"systems":[7],"requires":[8],"scalable":[9],"approaches":[10],"for":[11,46,115],"detecting":[12,47],"inconsistent":[13,84],"safety":[14,33,51],"requirements":[15,24,34,52,85,105],"in":[16,49,104],"practice.":[17],"Despite":[18],"significant":[19],"efforts":[20],"to":[21,74,81],"automate":[22],"consistency":[25],"detection,":[26],"current":[27],"inconsistency":[28],"analysis":[29],"techniques":[30],"still":[35],"suffer":[36],"from":[37,61],"scalability":[38,129],"issues.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"proposes":[42],"a":[43,62,119],"two-layer":[44],"approach":[45,73],"inconsistencies":[48,117],"time-related":[50],"systems,":[55],"integrating":[56],"two":[57],"distinct":[58],"formal":[59],"methods":[60],"pragmatic":[63],"perspective.":[64],"At":[65,98],"SafeNL":[67],"layer,":[68,101],"we":[69],"employ":[70],"an":[71],"SMT-based":[72,96],"extract":[75],"conflict":[76],"patterns":[77],"and":[78,128],"use":[79,93],"them":[80],"filter":[82],"out":[83],"descriptions,":[86],"thus":[87],"avoiding":[88],"more":[90],"expensive":[91],"general":[92],"approach.":[97,132],"CCSL":[100],"temporal":[102],"dependencies":[103],"are":[106,112],"transformed":[107],"into":[108],"causal":[109],"relations,":[110],"which":[111],"then":[113],"detected":[114],"circular":[116],"using":[118],"graph":[120],"search":[121],"technique.":[122],"Our":[123],"evaluations":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"utility":[127],"our":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}