{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399990614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3414446","title":"A Real-Time Energy Management Strategy of Flexible Smart Traction Power Supply System Based on Deep Q-Learning","display_name":"A Real-Time Energy Management Strategy of Flexible Smart Traction Power Supply System Based on Deep Q-Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399990614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3414446"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3414446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3414446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/229393561/FINAL_VERSION.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073053306","display_name":"Yichen Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-2324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-2324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080737022","display_name":"Zhongbei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-3327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongbei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-3327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100678367","display_name":"Mingli Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-2653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingli Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-2653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039142306","display_name":"Qiujiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-1624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiujiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-1624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033218831","display_name":"Pietro Tricoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8929-4460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Tricoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8929-4460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073053306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3456,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94929748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"8","first_page":"8938","last_page":"8948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13955","display_name":"Evaluation Methods in Various Fields","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5623623728752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traction","display_name":"Traction (geology)","score":0.5391284823417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.4854579567909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4782487452030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4507746696472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4380328953266144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39534369111061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3878594636917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.32530301809310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27180346846580505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.13370168209075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0872880220413208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5623623728752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38834483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17000223","display_name":"Traction (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5391284823417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.4854579567909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4782487452030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4507746696472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4380328953266144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39534369111061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3878594636917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.32530301809310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27180346846580505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13370168209075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0872880220413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3414446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3414446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/10178622-6708-49a6-9b52-e117ba909e73","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/10178622-6708-49a6-9b52-e117ba909e73","pdf_url":"https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/229393561/FINAL_VERSION.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ying, Y, Tian, Z, Wu, M, Liu, Q & Tricoli, P 2024, 'A real-time energy management strategy of flexible smart traction power supply system based on deep Q-learning', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems . https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2024.3414446","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/10178622-6708-49a6-9b52-e117ba909e73","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/10178622-6708-49a6-9b52-e117ba909e73","pdf_url":"https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/229393561/FINAL_VERSION.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ying, Y, Tian, Z, Wu, M, Liu, Q & Tricoli, P 2024, 'A real-time energy management strategy of flexible smart traction power supply system based on deep Q-learning', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems . https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2024.3414446","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4769137344","display_name":"Decarbonising Transport through Electrification, a Whole System Approach (DTE)","funder_award_id":"EP/S032053/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8294526473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S032053/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399990614.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399990614.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W1963515761","https://openalex.org/W1970005332","https://openalex.org/W2346540936","https://openalex.org/W2514997740","https://openalex.org/W2754252319","https://openalex.org/W2782034743","https://openalex.org/W2888678305","https://openalex.org/W2904057093","https://openalex.org/W2905363724","https://openalex.org/W2948900011","https://openalex.org/W2949816299","https://openalex.org/W2958959725","https://openalex.org/W2967037234","https://openalex.org/W2997116410","https://openalex.org/W2999314520","https://openalex.org/W3000701615","https://openalex.org/W3005324492","https://openalex.org/W3005637364","https://openalex.org/W3006765757","https://openalex.org/W3010743974","https://openalex.org/W3016983759","https://openalex.org/W3023120632","https://openalex.org/W3108892825","https://openalex.org/W3119733435","https://openalex.org/W3156714352","https://openalex.org/W3158102383","https://openalex.org/W3198084268","https://openalex.org/W3215693540","https://openalex.org/W4211144150","https://openalex.org/W4225677161","https://openalex.org/W4225863348","https://openalex.org/W4233061323","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4376607509","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6790870399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2397913469","https://openalex.org/W4310056577","https://openalex.org/W2008129134","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2354768891","https://openalex.org/W4229332389","https://openalex.org/W1510108650","https://openalex.org/W2322968447","https://openalex.org/W2356819012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,23,82],"the":[2,8,25,29,32,50,57,79,84,107,111,126,134,142,147],"high":[3],"degree":[4],"of":[5,7,28,34,52,60,86,113,131,146],"controllability":[6],"flexible":[9],"smart":[10],"traction":[11],"power":[12,26,127],"supply":[13],"system":[14],"(FSTPSS),":[15],"day-ahead":[16],"energy":[17,71],"management":[18,72],"strategy":[19,73,122],"(DAEMS)":[20],"was":[21],"developed":[22],"optimize":[24],"flow":[27,128],"FSTPSS.":[30],"However,":[31],"use":[33],"DAEMS":[35],"is":[36,76,90,123],"not":[37],"based":[38,77,115],"on":[39,78,116],"real-time":[40,45,58,70,80,117],"information.":[41],"For":[42],"FSTPSS,":[43],"without":[44],"information,":[46],"it":[47],"cannot":[48],"solve":[49],"problem":[51,85],"planning":[53,87],"deviation":[54],"caused":[55],"by":[56,92],"fluctuation":[59],"uncertain":[61,102],"loads":[62,103],"or":[63,104],"sources.":[64],"Therefore,":[65],"this":[66],"paper":[67],"proposes":[68],"a":[69],"(REMS)":[74],"which":[75],"information":[81],"address":[83],"deviation.":[88],"REMS":[89],"implemented":[91],"LSTM":[93,100],"and":[94,106,133,144],"deep":[95,108],"Q":[96],"learning":[97],"algorithm,":[98],"where":[99],"predicts":[101],"sources,":[105],"Q-learning":[109],"controls":[110],"operation":[112],"FSTPSS":[114],"predicted":[118],"state.":[119],"The":[120,138],"proposed":[121,148],"validated":[124],"with":[125],"simulation":[129,139],"model":[130],"TPSS":[132],"real":[135],"measured":[136],"data.":[137],"results":[140],"verify":[141],"necessity":[143],"superiority":[145],"method.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}