{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396712994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3389155","title":"Formula-E Multi-Car Race Strategy Development\u2014A Novel Approach Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Formula-E Multi-Car Race Strategy Development\u2014A Novel Approach Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396712994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3389155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3389155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3389155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/21595","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069577506","display_name":"Xuze Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-2738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuze Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, U.K","School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-2738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042677443","display_name":"Abbas Fotouhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5402-8629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Fotouhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, U.K","School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5402-8629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054487789","display_name":"Daniel J. Auger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-4251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Auger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, U.K","School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-4251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069577506"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06209115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"8","first_page":"9524","last_page":"9534"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.8472999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.8472999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.7369999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.7354999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7484437227249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.5551671981811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4868828356266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.47084543108940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4079051911830902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31851744651794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.14571690559387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.10227134823799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-studies","display_name":"Gender studies","score":0.08839753270149231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7484437227249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5551671981811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4868828356266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.47084543108940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4079051911830902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31851744651794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14571690559387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.10227134823799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.08839753270149231}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3389155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3389155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/21595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/21595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/21595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/21595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977655452","https://openalex.org/W1987006882","https://openalex.org/W1993874786","https://openalex.org/W2152880799","https://openalex.org/W2271058517","https://openalex.org/W2546571074","https://openalex.org/W2587958102","https://openalex.org/W2589805230","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2797234205","https://openalex.org/W2904209466","https://openalex.org/W3014282671","https://openalex.org/W3015979606","https://openalex.org/W3036919396","https://openalex.org/W3085009486","https://openalex.org/W3097391730","https://openalex.org/W3125448683","https://openalex.org/W3130385304","https://openalex.org/W4214659236","https://openalex.org/W4285032527","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6693910149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"motorsport":[1],"such":[2,18,53,79,126],"as":[3,127],"Formula":[4],"E":[5],"is":[6],"becoming":[7],"more":[8,10,33,120],"and":[9,29,42,89,105,133],"popular":[11],"in":[12,17,49],"recent":[13],"years.":[14],"Race":[15],"strategy":[16,56,81],"races":[19],"can":[20,115],"be":[21,39,96,116],"very":[22],"complex":[23,80],"involving":[24],"resource":[25],"management,":[26,31],"e.g.":[27],"energy":[28],"thermal":[30],"but":[32,58],"importantly":[34],"multi-car":[35,87],"interactions":[36],"which":[37],"could":[38],"both":[40],"collaborative":[41],"competitive.":[43],"Reinforcement":[44],"Learning":[45],"has":[46],"been":[47],"implemented":[48],"the":[50],"literature":[51],"for":[52,61,78,102],"electric":[54],"racing":[55],"development":[57,82],"only":[59],"accounts":[60],"one":[62],"single":[63],"car.":[64],"In":[65,109],"this":[66,113],"paper,":[67],"we":[68],"proposed":[69],"a":[70,110],"new":[71],"architecture":[72],"iRaXL":[73,93],"to":[74,95,98,118],"implement":[75],"reinforcement":[76],"learning":[77],"featuring":[83],"hybrid":[84,124],"action":[85,131],"space,":[86,132],"interactions,":[88],"non-zero-sum":[90],"gaming.":[91],"The":[92],"proves":[94],"able":[97],"develop":[99],"different":[100],"strategies":[101],"individual":[103],"competitors":[104],"also":[106],"team-based":[107],"objectives.":[108],"bigger":[111],"scope,":[112],"framework":[114],"used":[117],"solve":[119],"generic":[121],"problems":[122],"with":[123],"features":[125],"zero/non-zero-sum":[128],"games,":[129],"discretized/continuous":[130],"competition/collaboration":[134],"interactions.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
