{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4395069566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3387942","title":"A Spatial-State-Based Omni-Directional Collision Warning System for Intelligent Vehicles","display_name":"A Spatial-State-Based Omni-Directional Collision Warning System for Intelligent Vehicles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4395069566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3387942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3387942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3387942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/60417.html>","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101671463","display_name":"Wenjing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4775-630X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4775-630X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052284745","display_name":"Siyuan Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-6603"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-6603","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027569449","display_name":"Dezong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9848-372X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dezong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9848-372X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100632774","display_name":"Fenglin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-0552"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenglin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015912289","display_name":"N.N. Sze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-8107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N.N. Sze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-8107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005097891","display_name":"Mohammed Quddus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6969-2365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Quddus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016357519","display_name":"Helai Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-4124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helai Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-4124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5715,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80945598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"10","first_page":"14344","last_page":"14358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5657837986946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.5435665845870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.539731502532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.5381143689155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.50861656665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.5018975734710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.38712769746780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37894782423973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3358037769794464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32611048221588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.241643488407135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17475780844688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14454364776611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07972860336303711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5657837986946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.5435665845870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.539731502532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.5381143689155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.50861656665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5018975734710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38712769746780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37894782423973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3358037769794464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32611048221588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.241643488407135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17475780844688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14454364776611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07972860336303711}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3387942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3387942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:325509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/60417.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:325509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/60417.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3535366795","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u7f51\u8054\u8f66\u4e0e\u4eba\u9a7e\u8f66\u8f86\u6df7\u5408\u961f\u5217\u534f\u540c\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"71901038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6489637769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52372312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7508658136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1600100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605911773","https://openalex.org/W1528532260","https://openalex.org/W1569058755","https://openalex.org/W1598030175","https://openalex.org/W1598063140","https://openalex.org/W1980491204","https://openalex.org/W1990616364","https://openalex.org/W2029276435","https://openalex.org/W2044033713","https://openalex.org/W2083223498","https://openalex.org/W2108952683","https://openalex.org/W2114181294","https://openalex.org/W2145129279","https://openalex.org/W2167695003","https://openalex.org/W2317650191","https://openalex.org/W2344031279","https://openalex.org/W2354334279","https://openalex.org/W2515612620","https://openalex.org/W2559850636","https://openalex.org/W2618786344","https://openalex.org/W2744239053","https://openalex.org/W2762083173","https://openalex.org/W2791101340","https://openalex.org/W2793281373","https://openalex.org/W2803118188","https://openalex.org/W2809314052","https://openalex.org/W2887162191","https://openalex.org/W2904039327","https://openalex.org/W2905173653","https://openalex.org/W2909396060","https://openalex.org/W2915686220","https://openalex.org/W2942515139","https://openalex.org/W2945797844","https://openalex.org/W2981271343","https://openalex.org/W2986595349","https://openalex.org/W3001729558","https://openalex.org/W3008352455","https://openalex.org/W3041970759","https://openalex.org/W3083309169","https://openalex.org/W3103305799","https://openalex.org/W3120842970","https://openalex.org/W3193342366","https://openalex.org/W3199545944","https://openalex.org/W4220728241","https://openalex.org/W4226033290","https://openalex.org/W4226529953","https://openalex.org/W4297626024","https://openalex.org/W4308080445","https://openalex.org/W4308922315","https://openalex.org/W4312469292","https://openalex.org/W4362660110","https://openalex.org/W4385326364","https://openalex.org/W4386869740","https://openalex.org/W4387004627","https://openalex.org/W4387995086","https://openalex.org/W4392358071","https://openalex.org/W6631558304","https://openalex.org/W6635535829","https://openalex.org/W6857781166"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317634134","https://openalex.org/W2981729160","https://openalex.org/W4310743282","https://openalex.org/W2743212448","https://openalex.org/W2889566344","https://openalex.org/W3113932901","https://openalex.org/W1819938260","https://openalex.org/W2340892746","https://openalex.org/W3163022373","https://openalex.org/W3005999311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Collision":[0],"warning":[1,86,152],"systems":[2,15,33],"(CWSs)":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"recognized":[6],"as":[7,25],"effective":[8],"tools":[9],"in":[10,144,175,240],"preventing":[11],"vehicle":[12,143],"collisions.":[13],"Existing":[14],"mainly":[16],"provide":[17,35],"safety":[18,239],"warnings":[19,57,192],"based":[20,128],"on":[21,38,129],"single-directional":[22,52],"approaches,":[23],"such":[24],"rear-end,":[26,107],"lateral,":[27,108],"and":[28,46,109,133,140,187,235],"forward":[29,110],"collision":[30,85,151,165],"warnings.":[31,166],"Such":[32],"cannot":[34],"omni-directorial":[36],"enhancements":[37],"driver\u2019s":[39],"perception.":[40],"Meanwhile,":[41],"due":[42],"to":[43,90,159,190,209,218],"the":[44,71,94,99,103,130,134,141,168,171,181,191,202,213,220,226,229],"unclear":[45],"overlapped":[47],"activation":[48,161],"areas":[49],"of":[50,56,73,106,138,170,204,232],"above":[51],"CWSs,":[53],"multiple":[54],"kinds":[55],"may":[58,67],"be":[59],"triggered":[60],"mistakenly":[61],"for":[62,163],"a":[63,82,120,124,148],"collision.":[64],"The":[65],"multi-triggering":[66],"confuse":[68],"drivers":[69,92,185,205],"about":[70],"position":[72],"dangerous":[74],"targets.":[75],"To":[76],"this":[77,79],"end,":[78],"paper":[80],"develops":[81],"spatial-state-based":[83],"omni-directional":[84,150],"system":[87,221],"(S-OCWS),":[88],"aiming":[89],"help":[91,184],"identify":[93],"specific":[95],"danger":[96],"by":[97,119],"providing":[98],"unique":[100],"warning.":[101],"First,":[102],"operational":[104],"domains":[105],"collisions":[111],"are":[112],"theoretically":[113],"distinguished.":[114],"This":[115],"distinction":[116],"is":[117,154,173,215,222],"attained":[118],"geometric":[121],"approach":[122],"with":[123],"rigorous":[125],"mathematical":[126],"derivation,":[127],"spatial":[131],"states":[132,137],"relative":[135],"motion":[136],"itself":[139],"target":[142],"real":[145],"time.":[146],"Then,":[147],"theoretical":[149],"model":[153],"established":[155],"using":[156],"time-to-collision":[157],"(TTC)":[158],"clarify":[160],"conditions":[162],"different":[164],"Finally,":[167],"effectiveness":[169],"S-OCWS":[172,182,214,227],"validated":[174],"field":[176],"tests.":[177],"Results":[178],"indicate":[179],"that":[180],"can":[183],"quickly":[186],"properly":[188],"respond":[189],"without":[193],"compromising":[194],"their":[195,238],"control":[196],"over":[197],"lateral":[198],"offsets.":[199],"In":[200,224],"particular,":[201],"probability":[203],"giving":[206],"proper":[207],"responses":[208,230],"FCW":[210],"doubles":[211],"when":[212,219],"on,":[216],"compared":[217],"off.":[223],"addition,":[225],"shortens":[228],"time":[231],"nonprofessional":[233],"drivers,":[234],"therefore":[236],"enhances":[237],"driving.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}