{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390044171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3341358","title":"Performance Analysis of Blockchain-Enabled Security and Privacy Algorithms in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review","display_name":"Performance Analysis of Blockchain-Enabled Security and Privacy Algorithms in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390044171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3341358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3341358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3341358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/132480913/Performance_Analysis_of_Blockchain_based_Algorithms_in_CAV-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011636347","display_name":"Rabia Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-7177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178777954","display_name":"Kohat University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057d2v504","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabia Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011812470","display_name":"Amjad Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-4617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178777954","display_name":"Kohat University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057d2v504","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}],"countries":["GB","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan","Department of Computer Networking and Cyber Security, London Metropolitan University, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-4617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Networking and Cyber Security, London Metropolitan University, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080175512","display_name":"Carsten Maple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Maple","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure Cyber Systems Research Group (CSCRG), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure Cyber Systems Research Group (CSCRG), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002868461","display_name":"Kevin Curran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-5355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105785","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01reevc91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Curran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent System, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K","Engineering and Intelligent System, School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-5355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent System, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177","https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Intelligent System, School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177","https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079301418","display_name":"Houbing Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houbing Herbert Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.34,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80244624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"4773","last_page":"4784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7368146777153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6749746203422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.658197820186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6272374987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5177099704742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47144970297813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.46831661462783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4630925953388214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.42718714475631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.34122055768966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.31285423040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2609180212020874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7368146777153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6749746203422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.658197820186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6272374987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5177099704742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47144970297813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.46831661462783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4630925953388214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.42718714475631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34122055768966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31285423040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2609180212020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3341358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3341358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/59c43605-4b0f-44e0-8b2a-98c5df2585da","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/59c43605-4b0f-44e0-8b2a-98c5df2585da","pdf_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/132480913/Performance_Analysis_of_Blockchain_based_Algorithms_in_CAV-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Khan, R, Mehmood, A, Maple, C, Curran, K & Song, H H 2024, 'Performance Analysis of Blockchain-Enabled Security and Privacy Algorithms in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 4773-4784. https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3341358","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:182233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/182233/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/59c43605-4b0f-44e0-8b2a-98c5df2585da","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/59c43605-4b0f-44e0-8b2a-98c5df2585da","pdf_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/132480913/Performance_Analysis_of_Blockchain_based_Algorithms_in_CAV-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Khan, R, Mehmood, A, Maple, C, Curran, K & Song, H H 2024, 'Performance Analysis of Blockchain-Enabled Security and Privacy Algorithms in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review', IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 4773-4784. https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3341358","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G106504683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2309760","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072067573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G426653084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2317117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7282611729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007195/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390044171.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544955319","https://openalex.org/W1977665418","https://openalex.org/W1983399408","https://openalex.org/W1989738068","https://openalex.org/W2009801038","https://openalex.org/W2021293348","https://openalex.org/W2048119272","https://openalex.org/W2048294994","https://openalex.org/W2051526183","https://openalex.org/W2056921286","https://openalex.org/W2096974968","https://openalex.org/W2117767383","https://openalex.org/W2118939036","https://openalex.org/W2167552905","https://openalex.org/W2281647636","https://openalex.org/W2289218694","https://openalex.org/W2339025714","https://openalex.org/W2340400417","https://openalex.org/W2467953227","https://openalex.org/W2503977661","https://openalex.org/W2552125841","https://openalex.org/W2593182419","https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2606077931","https://openalex.org/W2744131267","https://openalex.org/W2770969899","https://openalex.org/W2795093414","https://openalex.org/W2797923482","https://openalex.org/W2885723830","https://openalex.org/W2903294440","https://openalex.org/W2904393593","https://openalex.org/W2909262244","https://openalex.org/W2911913141","https://openalex.org/W2913902415","https://openalex.org/W2914839014","https://openalex.org/W2914917317","https://openalex.org/W2920905906","https://openalex.org/W2924853426","https://openalex.org/W2956303394","https://openalex.org/W2962798563","https://openalex.org/W2962853362","https://openalex.org/W2979901839","https://openalex.org/W2989230094","https://openalex.org/W2990247619","https://openalex.org/W2990648884","https://openalex.org/W2996780292","https://openalex.org/W3011490454","https://openalex.org/W3011664157","https://openalex.org/W3014113769","https://openalex.org/W3048207718","https://openalex.org/W3080197205","https://openalex.org/W4313591036","https://openalex.org/W4316468815"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101582069","https://openalex.org/W2127814706","https://openalex.org/W2994243660","https://openalex.org/W2118333568","https://openalex.org/W2675231964","https://openalex.org/W2549995367","https://openalex.org/W2116878667","https://openalex.org/W3042284153","https://openalex.org/W2747442008","https://openalex.org/W2132024542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Strategic":[0],"investment(s)":[1],"in":[2,31,124,141],"vehicle":[3],"automation":[4],"technologies":[5,64,160],"led":[6],"to":[7,58,88,119],"the":[8,44,59,78,101,108,111,121,130,139],"rapid":[9],"development":[10,45],"of":[11,46,63,67,82,103,110,133],"technology":[12],"that":[13],"revolutionised":[14],"transport":[15],"services":[16],"and":[17,28,38,40,50,52,61,65,80,84,96,106,126,143,154,175],"reduced":[18],"fatalities":[19],"on":[20],"a":[21,72],"scale":[22],"never":[23],"seen":[24],"before.":[25],"Technological":[26],"advancements":[27],"their":[29,150],"integration":[30,151],"Connected":[32],"Autonomous":[33],"Vehicles":[34],"(CAVs)":[35],"increased":[36],"uptake":[37],"adoption":[39],"pushed":[41],"firmly":[42],"for":[43,146,178],"highly":[47],"supportive":[48],"legal":[49],"regulatory":[51],"testing":[53],"environments.":[54],"However,":[55],"systemic":[56],"threats":[57],"security":[60,83,95,122,142,174],"privacy":[62,85,97,144,176],"lack":[66],"data":[68],"transparency":[69],"have":[70,116],"created":[71],"dynamic":[73],"threat":[74],"landscape":[75],"within":[76],"which":[77],"establishment":[79],"verification":[81],"requirements":[86],"proved":[87],"be":[89],"an":[90],"arduous":[91],"task.":[92],"In":[93],"CAVs":[94,125],"issues":[98,123],"can":[99],"affect":[100],"resilience":[102],"these":[104],"systems":[105],"hinder":[107],"safety":[109],"passengers.":[112],"Existing":[113],"research":[114],"efforts":[115],"been":[117],"placed":[118],"investigate":[120],"propose":[127],"solutions":[128,145],"across":[129],"whole":[131],"spectrum":[132],"cyber":[134],"resilience.":[135],"This":[136],"paper":[137],"examines":[138],"state-of-the-art":[140],"CAVs.":[147,179],"It":[148,164],"investigates":[149],"challenges,":[152],"drawbacks":[153],"efficiencies":[155],"when":[156],"coupled":[157],"with":[158],"distributed":[159],"such":[161],"as":[162],"Blockchain.":[163],"has":[165],"also":[166],"listed":[167],"different":[168],"cyber-attacks":[169],"being":[170],"investigated":[171],"while":[172],"designing":[173],"mechanism":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}