{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388819774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3330572","title":"Time-Based Utilization Rate of the Fleet: Measuring Deep Inefficiencies in E-Scooter Services in Atlanta and Rome","display_name":"Time-Based Utilization Rate of the Fleet: Measuring Deep Inefficiencies in E-Scooter Services in Atlanta and Rome","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388819774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3330572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3330572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3330572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083060082","display_name":"Juan Jos\u00e9 Vinagre D\u00edaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Jos\u00e9 Vinagre D\u00edaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077702869","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Fern\u00e1ndez Pozo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-8450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rub\u00e9n Fern\u00e1ndez Pozo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-8450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056950692","display_name":"Ana Bel\u00e9n Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0023-9607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Bel\u00e9n Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0023-9607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046964987","display_name":"Mark Richard Wilby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-2948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Richard Wilby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-2948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1943,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4896656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"4987","last_page":"4997"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atlanta","display_name":"Atlanta","score":0.6820440888404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6200221180915833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.533726155757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.485376238822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43590831756591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trips-architecture","display_name":"TRIPS architecture","score":0.4270518124103546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35717833042144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3275853395462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3270656168460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2954674959182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.16374778747558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15631794929504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.14287233352661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.12345725297927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.11468261480331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10845518112182617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778037673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4034536","display_name":"Atlanta","level":3,"score":0.6820440888404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6200221180915833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.533726155757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.485376238822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43590831756591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157085824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384809","display_name":"TRIPS architecture","level":2,"score":0.4270518124103546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35717833042144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3275853395462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3270656168460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2954674959182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.16374778747558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15631794929504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.14287233352661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.12345725297927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.11468261480331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10845518112182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3330572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2023.3330572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3313942312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MicroMov PDC2022-133045-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2911771545","https://openalex.org/W2923227804","https://openalex.org/W2926646993","https://openalex.org/W2933971328","https://openalex.org/W2968556596","https://openalex.org/W2972269448","https://openalex.org/W2988986279","https://openalex.org/W3007048697","https://openalex.org/W3009776199","https://openalex.org/W3013760806","https://openalex.org/W3026735686","https://openalex.org/W3039738431","https://openalex.org/W3044013170","https://openalex.org/W3046566437","https://openalex.org/W3091853565","https://openalex.org/W3092252657","https://openalex.org/W3092737526","https://openalex.org/W3092881161","https://openalex.org/W3109869360","https://openalex.org/W3121648727","https://openalex.org/W3122282362","https://openalex.org/W3122290889","https://openalex.org/W3137656215","https://openalex.org/W3156087291","https://openalex.org/W3201919929","https://openalex.org/W3211237162","https://openalex.org/W4200461925","https://openalex.org/W4220885857","https://openalex.org/W4226100082","https://openalex.org/W4288093011","https://openalex.org/W4360979474","https://openalex.org/W6703999195","https://openalex.org/W6769431522","https://openalex.org/W6784060573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520048907","https://openalex.org/W2523761444","https://openalex.org/W2509970833","https://openalex.org/W2509293974","https://openalex.org/W4398542975","https://openalex.org/W3121811124","https://openalex.org/W3015899480","https://openalex.org/W4398348394","https://openalex.org/W4398750969","https://openalex.org/W585010661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"E-scooter":[0],"services":[1],"have":[2,125],"been":[3],"deployed":[4],"in":[5,73,133,151,214,237],"cities":[6],"worldwide,":[7],"as":[8,86,105],"a":[9,49,70],"clean,":[10],"flexible,":[11],"and":[12,34,36,136,182,191],"enjoyable":[13],"mobility":[14],"mode":[15],"that":[16,80,94,199],"contribute":[17],"to":[18,29,45,59,120,140,156,228],"reaching":[19],"sustainable":[20],"objectives.":[21],"Given":[22],"its":[23,31],"recent":[24],"advent,":[25],"we":[26,103,124,223],"still":[27],"need":[28],"understand":[30],"actual":[32],"operation":[33],"efficiency,":[35],"the":[37,52,57,61,74,82,87,100,110,116,146,173,215,218],"corresponding":[38,139],"result":[39],"from":[40,77,129,243],"users.":[41],"This":[42],"work":[43],"contributes":[44],"this":[46,209],"aim,":[47],"providing":[48],"novel":[50,71],"metric,":[51],"time-based":[53,67],"utilization":[54,170],"rate":[55],"of":[56,63,84,99,148,164,172,175,194,196,217],"fleet,":[58],"measure":[60],"performance":[62],"e-scooter":[64,127,150],"services.":[65],"Its":[66],"nature":[68],"implies":[69],"approach":[72],"field,":[75],"separating":[76],"traditional":[78],"approaches":[79],"use":[81],"number":[83],"trips":[85],"basic":[88],"variable.":[89],"We":[90],"will":[91],"mathematically":[92],"demonstrate":[93],"these":[95],"metrics":[96],"are":[97],"approximations":[98],"exact":[101],"value":[102],"provide":[104],"they":[106,113,160],"intrinsically":[107],"depend":[108],"on":[109],"time":[111],"interval":[112],"select":[114],"for":[115],"calculation.":[117],"In":[118],"order":[119],"feed":[121],"our":[122],"method,":[123],"retrieved":[126],"data":[128,144],"an":[130],"operator":[131],"(Helbiz)":[132],"Atlanta":[134],"(USA)":[135],"Rome":[137],"(Italy),":[138],"February":[141],"2021.":[142],"These":[143],"include":[145],"state":[147],"each":[149],"time,":[152],"which":[153,239],"allows":[154],"us":[155],"precisely":[157],"know":[158],"whether":[159],"were":[161],"used,":[162],"out":[163,195],"service,":[165],"or":[166],"parked.":[167],"Results":[168],"show":[169],"rates":[171],"fleet":[174],"<inline-formula":[176,183,201,229],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[177,184,202,230],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[178,185,203,231],"<tex-math":[179,186,204,232],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.2021\\,\\%$</tex-math>":[180],"</inline-formula>":[181,188,206,234],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.3310\\,\\%$</tex-math>":[187],",":[189],"respectively":[190],"high":[192],"percentages":[193],"service":[197],"vehicles":[198],"exceed":[200],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$25\\,\\%$</tex-math>":[205],".":[207],"However,":[208],"inefficiency":[210],"was":[211],"not":[212],"reflected":[213],"profitability":[216,242],"business.":[219],"The":[220],"economic":[221],"analysis":[222],"conducted":[224],"shows":[225],"revenues":[226],"close":[227],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1$</tex-math>":[233],"million":[235],"euros":[236],"Rome,":[238],"may":[240],"detach":[241],"efficiency.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}